Defamilialization of Childcare,Commodification of Mothers,and Poverty： Recognition of New Social Risks in Korea

This study analyzed the relationship between new social risks and poverty in Korea, with specific foci on the changes in the family and in the labor market. Through the analysis, this study maintains that the expanding welfare state in Korea requires policies responding both to NSRs （new social risks） and to traditional social risks. The findings of this study are as follows： First, care responsibilities within the household were strongly associated with the poverty status of household. Second, dual-breadwinner households were less likely to fall into poverty than households with a single male breadwinner. Third, the flexible labor market that leads to poverty not only influences irregular or part-time workers but regular workers as well. These findings show that households of self-employed workers were even worse off than those of irregular workers, who were previously identified as the group who suffered most due to the flexible labor market.     

社会稳定风险评估机制法治化提升之路

针对我国社会稳定风险总量持续增加之现状,重大事项社会稳定风险评估机制相继在各地建立。但社会稳定风险评估主体独立性不足、评估多维视角缺位、政法领域社会稳定风险评估机制法治精细化不够等问题,还需解决;评估的可靠性和科学性,还需提升。同时,一个开放的评估系统,一个充分、畅达的公民表达机制,或许有助于将社会稳定风险转化为激发社会活力、激励改革创新的社会进步加速器。     

BOT项目特许协议法律性质及风险问题研究

在 BOT项目中特许协议为其核心问题 ,国内对 BOT项目中特许协议的性质存在不同的观点。本文认为BOT特许协议的性质应为国内法契约中的行政合同 ,同时对BOT特许协议所引致的法律风险提出了自己的看法 ,并在文中提出了应在我国建立行政合同制度及解决和回避特许协议所致风险的措施和方法。     

对财政风险问题的若干思考

如何防范财政风险,保持财政稳定,防止出现财政危机是一个世界性课题。我国要控制财政风险,必须从根本上克服制度缺陷,构建多层次全方位的风险约束机制。其主要对策应该是提高政府收入和债务的透明度,动态评估财政风险,控制赤字和债务增长,建立全方位多层次的风险的约束机制。     

中国政府食品质量安全管理的分析框架及其治理体系

食品质量安全已成为中国政府和大众关注的焦点,对食品质量安全的管理成效不理想也成为政府治理的一大顽症。其原因在于政府缺乏一个全面、综合、动态的食品质量安全管理分析框架。所以建立在食品质量安全突发事件与食品质量安全风险、食品质量安全危机之间广泛联系、相互链接、动态发展基础之上的中国食品质量安全管理分析框架,对于中国食品质量安全管理就具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。运用此分析框架,构建食品质量安全风险管理、食品质量安全应急管理、食品质量安全危机管理三位一体的治理体系是中国政府对食品质量安全管理的根本之策。     

The regulation of civilian drones' impacts on public safety

Because they are airborne artefacts, drones embody threats to people and property, even in normal operation, but especially when malfunctions occur in equipment or in the data communications on which they are heavily dependent. Some natural controls exist over inappropriate drone behaviour. General liability laws provide remedies for harm that arises from drones, and act as a deterrent against irresponsible behaviour. Specific air safety laws do, or may, apply to drones. Co-regulatory mechanisms provide protections, as may industry and organisational self-regulation. However, a review of current and emergent regulatory arrangements identifies a considerable range of gaps and uncertainties that need to be addressed, particularly in relation to small drones, including micro-drones.     

Privacy principles,risks and harms

The protection of privacy is predicated on the individual's right to privacy and stipulates a number of principles that are primarily focused on information privacy or data protection and, as such, are insufficient to apply to other types of privacy and to the protection of other entities beyond the individual. This article identifies additional privacy principles that would apply to other types of privacy and would enhance the consideration of risks or harms to the individual, to groups and to society as a whole if they are violated. They also relate to the way privacy impact assessment (PIA) may be conducted. There are important reasons for generating consideration of and debate about these principles. First, they help to recalibrate a focus in Europe on data protection to the relative neglect of other types of privacy. Second, it is of critical importance at a time when PIA (renamed ‘data protection impact assessment’, or DPIA) may become mandatory under the European Commission's proposed Data Protection Regulation. Such assessment is an important instrument for identifying and mitigating privacy risks, but should address all types of privacy. Third, one can construct an indicative table identifying harms or risks to these additional privacy principles, which can serve as an important tool or instrument for a broader PIA to address other types of privacy.     

Do Electoral Risks Moderate the Effect of Partisan and Electoral Cycles on Debt-Financed Local Spending?

Governments’ use of debt as a political instrument has been widely studied from the perspective of partisan and electoral cycles, mainly concerning central government. On the whole, previous studies have attempted to determine the effects of political ideology and the proximity of elections on the opportunistic use of public spending. The current study aims to broaden the scope of attention to the effect of partisan and electoral cycles on debt, by means of a broader consideration of the motives that lead politicians to take on a deficit and that are usually linked to the associated electoral risk. More particularly, we examine whether, during the electoral period, greater confidence in re-election can modify party behaviour concerning the use of public spending, and if so, whether the change is greater or smaller depending on the ruling party’s ideology. The results obtained show that local administrations need to incur debt, although politicians take on more liability than is appropriate to their demographic and economic characteristics, especially in an election year. It was also found that political stability favours a reduction in the public deficit, a pattern that is maintained in electoral periods. This effect was found to be independent of the partisan cycle.     

Politics of childcare policy beyond the left–right scale: Post‐industrialisation,transformation of party systems and welfare state restructuring

Childcare policy has become an integral part of social and economic policy in post‐industrial democracies. This article explores how the transformation of party systems structures the politics of childcare policy. It reveals that political parties contend with each other over childcare and female employment policy on the social‐value dimension as well as the redistributive dimension. Assuming that different party policies have distinct impacts on public childcare policy, it is hypothesised in this article that a government's policy position – composed of the governing parties' policy positions – affects changes in public spending for childcare services. Through an analysis of the pooled time‐series and cross‐section data of 18 advanced industrialised countries from 1980 until 2005 using multivariate regression methods, it is revealed that a government's redistributive left–right policy position interacts with its social liberal–conservative policy position, and that a left–liberal government raises its budget for childcare services while a left–conservative government does not.     

浅议个人住房贷款的风险防范

个人住房贷款业务是房地产信贷业务的工作重点,由于个人还贷能力降低,个人信用评价体系和对信贷人约束手段的缺乏,银行管理的缺陷导致个人住房贷款违约率呈上升趋势。为了有效防范个人住房贷款风险,应做到:加强市场分析,防范市场风险;加强法律跟踪,防范法律风险;完善信用评估,防范信用风险;加强信贷管理,防范经营风险。