Parental and Peer Influences on Adolescent Drug Use in Korea

The analysis and findings reported here are from a self-report questionnaire survey of a sample of 1,035 high school students in Pusan, a metropolitan area of South Korea. Multiple regression and path analyses reveal that, for all types of drug behavior among these adolescents, the influence of parental variables was generally less than the influence of the peer variables. Even in South Korean society, where the stability and authority of the family is greater than in American society, peers have a greater influence than do parents on adolescents’ engaging in or refraining from deviant behavior. The findings conform more to the expectations of social learning theory than to those of social bonding theory, and generally replicate findings from research on adolescent drug use in the United States. Further research is clearly needed, but the findings here suggest that the social processes of substance use among adolescents and the theoretical explanations focusing on those processes are not confined to western societies.

Border Enforcement,Organized Crime,and Deaths of Smuggled Migrants on the United States – Mexico Border

In response to ever increasing numbers of illegal immigrants entering the United States from Mexico, the United States adopted a border enforcement strategy in the 1990s that sought to bring the problem under control. This strategy relied primarily on increasing the number of Border Patrol agents directly on the border, the erection of walls at heavy traffic areas, and insertion of electronic surveillance systems. While these efforts succeeded in making it more difficult for illegal migrants to gain entry into the United States undetected, it also resulted in an increased reliance on human smugglers. Thus, the nature of the problem has shifted from one of illegal immigration to one of human smuggling. In an effort to gain entry successfully, smugglers have continued to lead migrants through hazardous terrain along the border where surveillance is less intense. Anecdotal evidence is presented which suggests that smugglers' drive for profit often results in the abandonment and death of migrants. Implications for future border policing strategy and research are discussed. An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Organized Crime and Humanitarian Disasters at the initiative of the International Scientific and Professional Advisory Council of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme (ISPAC) in cooperation with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, December 3–5, 2004.     

Understanding the Structure of a Large Heroin Distribution Network: A Quantitative Analysis of Qualitative Data

An analysis is reported of 2,408 wiretap conversations gathered in the course of prosecuting a heroin dealing organization in New York City in the 1990s. The five-step analysis, which included a social network analysis of phone contacts, revealed a large, loosely structured group of 294 individuals, most of whom had very limited contacts with others in the group. The group’s active core comprised 38 individuals with extended contacts, little status differentiation and some task specialization. A smaller more tightly connected group of 22 individuals was somewhat independent of the remainder of the core and appeared to constitute a “communal business”. The existence was not confirmed of the large criminal conspiracy described by the prosecution that operated at all levels of trafficking and dealing, from wholesale distribution to street sales. Rather, it appeared that the 294 individuals comprised one segment of the heroin market in the city. However, the discrepancy could be due to the fact that the prosecution drew upon a wider set of information about the individuals concerned than provided by the wiretap data. The study supports recent analyses that see organized crimes, such as drug trafficking, as mostly the work of small groups of loosely linked entrepreneurs rather than large, highly structured criminal syndicates.

日本的毒品现状及相关对策

药物滥用是伴随着日本的社会环境的改变而发展变化的,近年来这种变化更为急速而多样.1997年日本迎来了药物滥用的最高峰,称为第三次滥用高峰期.对此,日本政府在1998年制定了"滥用防止五年战略"并加以推进,1998年至2002年五年间收到了一定的成效,但还未达到明显减少的程度.因此,又在2003年制定了"防止药物滥用新五年战略".相关的禁毒组织也采取了一定的对策.     

Impurities,adulterants and cutting agents in cocaine as potential candidates for retrospective mining of GC-MS data

Cocaine is one of the most widely used illicit drugs worldwide. Cocaine powders seized by the Police may contain numerous other substances besides the drug itself. These can be impurities originating from the coca plant or the production process, or be purposely added to the drug formulation as adulterants and cutting agents. In forensic laboratories, identification of cocaine is routinely done through GC-MS analysis, but other components are often ignored even if the method allows for their detection. Yet, they can provide valuable insight into the history of a seizure and its potential connection to other samples. To explore this idea, an extensive review of common impurities and adulterants encountered in cocaine is presented. Based on their incidence, concentration in the end product and compatibility with GC-MS methods, their overall usefulness as candidates for the statistical investigation of existing forensic data is evaluated. The impurities cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine, tropacocaine, norcocaine and N-benzoylnormethylecgonine as well as the adulterants lidocaine, procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, phenacetin, ibuprofen, levamisole, hydroxyzine and diltiazem are promising candidates to provide additional forensic intelligence. Future research on optimized routine GC-MS methods, signal reproducibility, comparison, statistics and databases is suggested to facilitate this concept. Ultimately, such an approach may significantly advance the amount of information that is extracted from routine casework data, elucidate developments in the cocaine markets in the past and facilitate Police work in the future. Preliminary assessment of existing data from the forensic laboratory of the Amsterdam Police has been included to show that the detection of the identified target impurities is feasible, and that small adjustments to the analysis method could significantly increase the detectability of these analytes in prospective drug screenings. Forensic intelligence based on retrospective data mining of cocaine containing casework samples may thus be realized with minimal additional laboratory efforts by using already available instrumentation, samples and data.     

通过规制实现健康保护——范围、方法和程序概览

风险规制法的目标和方法在于具体危险的防御和预防(可能的)风险。对于科技工艺和技术生产的物质或生物来说,除了惩罚禁止措施外,需要建构一套传统风险预防的前置制度,通过广泛的公众参与来对科技后果进行评估,从而采取相应的预防措施。风险规制的行政法方法包括传统的行政调控方式和信息规制方法、激励型规制手段等非禁令手段的方法。通过智慧的规制方法既可实现意欲达到的规制目标,同时也能降低行政管理成本和减少对经济活动的过度干预。     

中外学校毒品预防教育比较

"预防为主,教育先导"的学校毒品预防教育策略在世界范围内基本形成。比较国内外学校毒品预防教育的现状,提出构建学校、社区、家庭、媒体"四位一体"、预防宣传教育体系和课堂教育体系"双线并行"的我国学校毒品预防教育思路。     

戒毒人员的社区管理模式——以云南省开远市雨露社区为例

戒毒人员的管理一直是社会工作的一个难点,云南省开远市戒毒所在"安全岛"的实践基础上,提出了"雨露社区"的建设规划,通过将戒毒人员融入社区管理,不仅成功实现了戒毒人员"重返社会"的目的,而且还创新了民族地区社区管理的模式。文章从雨露社区的建设背景、发展历程、社区建设的制度保障、社区管理模式、组织机构、社区生产活动、居民生活状况等方面,对雨露社区进行了全方位的介绍,在对"雨露模式"的成功经验进行总结的同时,还针对影响社区可持续发展的一些问题,提出了解决策略。     

精神障碍吸毒者刑事责任能力研究

随着毒品在我国的蔓延,吸毒的人数渐渐增多,精神障碍的吸毒者犯罪也开始引起相关部门的注意,对这一特殊犯罪人群能否比照精神病人来处理意见不统一。笔者介绍了其他诸国的相关法律规定,结合本国国情和相类似的法律规定,阐明了对精神障碍的吸毒者犯罪一般作完全刑事责任能力评定为最优的观点。     

社区戒毒模式构建研究——解读大观戒毒模式

云南省昆明市五华区大观街道办事处在社区戒毒中开拓创新,积极探索,积累了宝贵的经验,主要表现为:一是思想上有位子、组织上有班子、工作上有点子、经费上有保障是大观戒毒模式成功运作的前提基础;二是结合社区实际、探索禁毒宣传教育新模式;三是戒吸防艾社会效果明显;四是借鉴学习国内外经验;五是美沙酮维持治疗点。