对吸毒人员后续教育模式和生活方式的思考

减少吸毒人员,巩固禁吸戒毒成果,是当前我们急需要探索的路子,而对那些戒毒人员复吸问题和后续生存教育问题又成为摆在我们面前的一个新课题。经调查研究认为:降低复吸率,巩固戒毒成果需要营造一个“洁净”的社会环境,创造就业条件,组织培训劳动技能,使他们成为自食其力的劳动者,同时实行社区戒毒管理模式,加强公安机关维护社区的治安力量和加大对复吸者的惩处力度,从而改变目前“吸毒———强戒———复吸———劳教———再强戒”的恶性循环状态。     

对设立吸毒罪的设想

全面禁毒是我国对毒品违法犯罪活动所采取的一贯立场,现有法律已将为吸毒者提供吸毒场所的容留吸毒行为规定为犯罪;非法持有毒品的目的之一是非法消费毒品,法律也规定为犯罪。在这种情况下,如果不将吸毒行为也规定为犯罪,就会失去法律规范内部的协调统一,也有悖于运用刑罚全面禁毒的立法精神。从反毒品国际合作的角度来看,把这类行为规定为犯罪,也有助于国际社会的反毒品合作,促进国内的全面禁毒。     

刑事技术在毒品走私案侦办中的重要作用

毒品走私案件的侦办是一个不断思考和发现的过程。以刑事技术为指导的侦查理论思维更具科学性、系统性和实践性,是一种侦办毒品走私案科学化和现代化的思维方式,对于侦办复杂多变的毒品走私案件具有重要作用。     

中国共产党领导下的抗日民主根据地禁毒成效探析

抗战期间,日本在中国占领区的毒化政策进一步加剧了近代中国鸦片烟毒的泛滥。中国共产党为使根据地成为抵抗日本侵华和消灭敌人的坚强堡垒,竭尽全力从政治、经济、军事、文化和社会生活的各个方面进行了根据地的建设,其中禁烟禁毒就是重要内容之一。这些措施不仅取得了显著成效,也为抗日战争的胜利作出了贡献。同时,对于抑制日本帝国主义的毒化政策,维护抗日民主根据地的安定团结也起到了重要的作用,成为中国禁烟史上的一面光辉旗帜。     

戒毒人员复吸心理与毒友劝诱手段分析

在对131名强制戒毒人员进行访谈调查的基础上,总结了毒友劝诱戒毒者的心理动机和经常采用的手段,并在此基础上提出了相关的策略,对戒毒人员在回归社会时提高警惕、防止复吸有重要提示作用。     

Characteristic Features of Pediatric Firearm Fatalities—Comparisons Between Australia and the United States

Abstract:  Gunshot deaths in children less than 17 years of age from Adelaide, SA, Australia (1969–2005) and from San Diego County, CA, United States (1988–2005) were compared. Forty-two pediatric gunshot fatalities occurred in South Australia (1.1 cases/year; M:F = 30:12). There were 6 accidents (14%), 14 suicides (33%), and 22 homicides (52%). In San Diego there were 185 cases ( c. 10 cases/year; M:F = 148:37). There were 6 accidents (3%), 42 suicides (23%), 130 homicides (70%), and 7 undetermined cases (4%). The incidence of homicide was significantly higher in San Diego County compared to Adelaide ( p  < 0.001), with a higher proportion of murder–suicides occurring in Adelaide. There were markedly more accidents and suicides involving males in Adelaide and a far higher number of male homicide victims in San Diego County compared to females. Rifles of 0.22-caliber were preferred weapons in South Australia, compared to handguns in San Diego County.     

The application of amino acid racemization in the acid soluble fraction of enamel to the estimation of the age of human teeth

The main objectives of the European project "Collaborative Harmonization of Methods for Profiling of Amphetamine Type Stimulants" (CHAMP) funded by the sixth framework programme of the European Commission, included the harmonization of MDMA profiling methods and the creation of a common database in a drug intelligence perspective. In the preliminary stages of this project, the participating laboratories analysed the physical characteristics, the chemical composition and the organic impurities of MDMA tablets, using the previously harmonized methods. The aim of the present work was to apply statistical treatments to the recorded data in order to evaluate their potential in the fight against drug trafficking. Comparable working procedures were applied on the different types of data. The first part of this article deals with organic impurities data, while the second part focuses on the potential of the physical characteristics. Organic impurities data were recorded by a harmonized Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method previously developed. Statistical analysis provided a selection of pertinent variables among the 46 organic impurities identified in the chromatograms. Correlation coefficients were used to yield separation between populations of samples coming from the same synthesis batch and samples coming from different batches. It was shown that correlation measurements based on Pearson and cosine functions applied to the data pre-treated by normalisation to the sum of peak responses followed by the square root provided an excellent discrimination between the two populations. The statistical methods applied to organic impurities profiles proved to be excellent techniques to differentiate samples from different batches and to highlight operational links between samples.     

Lying on the Road Before Being Run Over: Vehicular Manslaughter,Suicide, or Accident? Two Case Reports and Literature Review

We present two apparent hit-and-run cases where two women were run over. The vehicles involved were subsequently traced and their owners charged with manslaughter. Autopsy evidence, scientific investigation of the scene and circumstances of the deaths, technical inspection of the vehicles, and DNA analysis strongly suggested that both victims were lying on the road before the accident. Case 1 was a suicide. In Case 2, the victim had fallen to the ground following acute alcohol intoxication. Victimological analysis was pivotal in reconstructing the dynamics of the events. We suggest that a hit-and-run fatality should not be regarded as a manslaughter case until each piece of evidence has been carefully considered. We also propose an interdisciplinary method of reconstructing run over occurrences based on the following three steps: (i) identify whether there was a primary impact when the victim was in an upright position; (ii) identify victim drug/alcohol intoxication and/or presence of acute or chronic disease or injury, which may have contributed to the impact; and (iii) consider suicide intent.     

Hypothermia-related Deaths: A 10-year Retrospective Study of Two Major Metropolitan Cities in the United States*

Hypothermia-related deaths affect vulnerable populations and are preventable. They account for the vast majority of weather-related deaths in the United States. The postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia can be challenging, as there are no pathognomonic signs. The electronic databases of the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner and Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences were searched for all fatalities where the primary cause of death included hypothermia, between January 2009 and July 2019. There were 139 hypothermia deaths in New York City (NYC) with an average annualized rate of 1.7 per million. During this same time, there were 50 hypothermia deaths in Houston with an average annualized rate of 2.4 per million. Males were more likely to die of hypothermia compared to females in both cities. The rate ratio (RR) in NYC was 3.55 (95% CI 2.40, 5.25), while the RR in Houston was 2.83 (95% CI 1.50, 5.32). Age- and sex-specific standardized hypothermia mortality rates were 18.2 (95% CI 15.1, 21.2) per million in NYC and 30.1 (95% CI 21.7, 38.6) per million in Houston. The comparative hypothermia death ratio was 1.66 (95% CI 1.19, 2.30), indicating hypothermia mortality in Houston was 66% higher than in NYC. There was no correlation between zip code poverty rates and hypothermia-related deaths. The most consistent autopsy finding was Wischnewski spots (56.6%), and ethanol was the most common toxicological finding (36.5%). Local agencies can use this data to target these higher-risk populations and offer appropriate interventions to try to prevent these deaths.