重大突发公共卫生危机下的药品专利强制许可——现实需要、伦理因应与法律安排

新型冠状病毒肺炎于2019年底在我国爆发并迅速扩散,引发了全国性的重大突发公共卫生危机。为实现特效专利药品的充分供给,实施药品专利强制许可是最为高效的选择,不仅可以消解药品专利市场运营中所固有的“反公有地”悲剧,同时也可以有效规避药品专利国际合作中技术劫持与贸易倾轧。对于以人为本的主体性原则和与人为善的有益性原则两项伦理准则的遵循,保证了药品专利强制许可实施的伦理正义;而对于药品专利强制许可申请主体扩展和药品专利强制许可补偿标准细化两项法律完善举措的采取,则使我国药品专利强制许可机制克服了自身缺陷,能够在实践中有序运行,为重大突发公共卫生危机的化解提供制度支撑。     

Human olfactory detection of packaged cannabis

Olfactory detection of cannabis aroma by police officers can be the basis for warrantless searches of motor vehicles in many jurisdictions in the United States. The odor source in these cases is often dried cannabis flower contained in various casual wrappings as well as in more elaborate packaging. Here we investigate whether packaging format alters the detectability of the cannabis. Two cannabis strains and five packaging formats were evaluated. Untrained observers were presented with two containers and asked to identify, based only on smell, the container that held a sample of packaged cannabis (the other container held identical, but empty, packaging material). The results showed that open and casually packaged cannabis was identified with high accuracy, while material packaged in doubly vacuum-sealed plastic was correctly identified at rates no different from chance. The results may help address issues involving the detectability of cannabis aroma in law enforcement and other scenarios.     

试论《禁毒法》视野下的教育矫治

教育矫治是科学戒毒工作中不可或缺的重要环节,起着非常关键的作用.原有的劳教戒毒模式重戒轻治,虽然基本上戒除了毒瘾,但心理和行为得不到有效的矫治,复吸率仍较高.《禁毒法》颁布后,强制隔离戒毒更加突显了教育矫治的功能.而教育矫治是一项系统的工程,需要有科学的理论和方法指导,如何开展教育矫治工作,包括:科学的戒毒观念的树立、教育制度的落实、教育方式的创新、教育内容的拓展、队伍素质的提升等方面.     

合成毒品4-甲基甲卡西酮的危害及滥用的预防

4-甲基甲卡西酮是苯丙氨的衍生物质,是基于卡西酮的人工合成兴奋剂。本文对4-甲基甲卡西酮的起源和管制情况进行介绍,并进一步研究了其对人体的危害、依赖性及毒性。分析了我国预防4-甲基甲卡西酮滥用存在的问题,有针对性地提出解决对策。     

云南省毒品形势变化新特点及防控对策

当前云南省毒品形势依然严峻,禁毒工作压力加大,境内外毒情继续恶化;毒品需求急剧膨胀;境外罂粟种植反弹,合成毒品生产增长,易制毒物品需求增大;传统毒品问题尚未得到根本解决,一些新的毒品问题又逐步凸显。面对禁毒斗争的新形势、新变化,云南省禁毒工作要以科学发展观为指导,以深化禁毒人民战争为主线,以创建"无毒社区"为载体,全面加强和改进各项禁毒工作,以遏制毒品违法犯罪的发展蔓延。     

毒品定性定量中存在的问题及建议

在涉毒案件中,毒品的成分、数量是决定违法、犯罪行为社会危害性大小的一个十分重要的因素。毒品定性定量工作不仅影响毒品犯罪的量刑,也是部分毒品案件罪与非罪的决定因素。     

Is it possible to have cheaper drugs and preserve the incentive to innovate? The benefits of privatizing the drug approval process

In this paper, we argue that lower prices for pharmaceuticals can be achieved by fostering a new type of competition in the pharmaceutical industry. Lower drug development costs, and hence prices, can be brought about by abolishing national drug administrations and replacing them with private certification boards that compete on the basis of safety, efficiency and cost of their drug approval process. A major benefit of this type of privatization is that it would not necessitate limits on data exclusivity in order to achieve lower prices. Drug approval privatization could achieve the same positive results as generic competition, in terms of lower costs and prices, without the negative effects of intellectual property rights violation and the consequent discouragement of innovative activities.

Community Characteristics and Death by Homicide,Suicide and Drug Overdose in Italy: The Role of Civic Engagement

A number of recent theories suggest that high civicness, civic participation and social capital protect a community from deviant behavior. Most empirical studies of this hypothesis have been conducted in North America. This paper examines to what extent this hypothesis applies to Italy and to three forms of violent death: homicide, suicide, and drug overdose, using the Putnam concept of civicness. Official statistics on civicness, unemployment, per capita G.D.P., urbanization, couples’ separation and age group concentration from the 95 sub-regions (provinces) of Italy were used as predictors of violent death. Among regions, homicide and suicide rates were negatively correlated. Southern provinces had more homicides, while northern provinces had more suicides and deaths from drug overdose. Analyses of interactions among independent variables revealed that certain relationships, which at first sight appeared to concern the whole of Italy, in reality concern only the north or only the south. This suggests the existence of specific effects, whereby some independent variables are only triggered in the particular conditions encountered in the north or in the south of Italy. Civicness was negatively associated with homicide only in the south, where it was also positively associated with suicide. Death by drug overdose was mostly explained by wealth. The overall pattern of results was more complex than present theories suggest.     

贩卖毒品罪基本理论问题探析

贩卖毒品罪中对“贩卖”定义应表述为 :贩卖应当以流通为目的且行为人能按照自己的意志转让事实所有权 ,贩卖的成立不需具备牟利目的 ;贩卖不同于买卖。就毒品犯罪的刑事责任年龄而言 ,14～ 16周岁的人走私毒品应当负刑事责任 ,而运输、制造毒品则应有所区别。就司法难题而言 ,无偿赠与毒品 ,以毒品换毒品均属于贩卖毒品行为。