Tricyclic Antidepressants Found in Pilots Fatally Injured in Civil Aviation Accidents

Prevalence of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has not been explored in pilots. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) aviation accident and the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) toxicology and medical certification databases were searched for pilots fatally injured in aviation accidents. During 1990–2012, CAMI received bio‐samples of pilots from 7037 aviation accidents. Of these, 2644 cases were positive for drugs. TCAs were present in 31. TCA blood concentrations ranged from therapeutic to toxic levels. The NTSB determined that the use of drugs and ethanol as the probable cause or contributing factor in 35% (11 of 31) of the accidents. None of the 31 pilots reported the use of TCAs during their aviation medical examination. The prevalence of TCAs in aviators was less than 0.5% (31 of 7037 cases). There is a need for aviators to fully disclose the use of medications at the time of their medical examination.     

尼泊尔毒品犯罪概况(编译)

五花八门的毒品犯罪在世界范围内正变得较为普遍,尼泊尔也不例外。本文从尼泊尔境内毒品生产、走私情况及政府在禁毒斗争中所做的努力等方面介绍了该国的毒品犯罪概况。     

甘肃省新型毒品违法犯罪的现状及对策

新型毒品违法犯罪现象在甘肃省日趋严重,已给和谐社会的构建带来极大危害.甘肃省作为全国毒品问题严重省份之一,必须引起高度重视.加强对新型毒品违法犯罪的研究,提高防范和打击力度,已成为甘肃省禁毒执法部门亟须解决的问题.     

社区戒毒和社区康复组织机构存在问题及完善

建立健全社区戒毒和社区康复组织机构是贯彻落实《禁毒法》的需要,目前各地组织机构还未得到很好的规范与完善,影响了社区戒毒和社区康复工作的成果,降低了工作效率。因此,必须构建职业化、专业化的社区戒毒和社区康复组织机构。     

云南禁吸戒毒模式法制化研究

禁吸戒毒法制化建设是一项重要工作,通过立法的方式确定禁吸戒毒的目的、原则、方式、程序以及救济,对禁吸戒毒工作进行制度化建设,保证禁吸戒毒工作的规范和统一,这是我国依法治国方针在禁吸戒毒工作领域的具体体现,既是禁吸戒毒工作的重要依托,又是禁吸戒毒工作的开展依据.     

对《中国禁毒史》课程教育功能的思考

中国有着重视历史教育的优良传统,在禁毒学专业学生中开设《中国禁毒史》课程是总结鸦片战争以来历史上中国人民同鸦片毒品作斗争的经验教训,从历史上禁绝鸦片毒品的斗争中受到启迪,迎接新的挑战,对今天的禁毒工作有借鉴意义。学习《中国禁毒史》要从新的视角出发体现爱国主义教育功能、更体现出对禁毒学专业学生使命感和责任感教育的功能。     

"Life expectancy" of "ecstasy" tablets in Israel in the years 2001-2003

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets known as "ecstasy" became a very popular drug amongst Israeli youth in the last decade. The ecstasy tablets have a simple design impressed on them (logos) making it relatively easy to distinguish between various logos. The life expectancy of ecstasy tablet logos, defined as the period between the first seizure by the police of a certain logo until the last seizure of the same logo, was monitored during the years 2001-2003. During this time interval, 58 different tablet logos were seized. A total of 26 logos, defined as common logos with at least 10 independent seizures, were observed. At any given time interval during this period, 8-10 common logos were found with an average life expectancy of approximately 9 months. Five of the observed 26 common logos were defined as the most common logos that appeared in at least 200 independent seizures each. Plots of the number of seizures and number of tablets seized as a function of time are presented and discussed as well as explanations for the high turnover rate of any given logo.     

论刑罚惩治毒品依赖行为的几个问题

吸毒作为一种国际性的社会问题,世界各国都对涉及毒品犯罪从刑法上给予严厉的打击。与之相比,我国对吸食、注射毒品行为的处罚显然失之于宽,失之于软。因此,刑罚惩治毒品依赖行为的要求日益凸显。现实操作中应注意:1.打击面不能过宽;2.识别所依赖的毒品种类;3.注意羁押中的毒品依赖人员人身和生命安全问题;4.罪名设置问题;5.刑罚设置问题。     

A Two‐Year Study of Δ 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Drivers; Part 2: Physiological Signs on Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) and non‐DRE Examinations,,

Whole blood samples were examined for ?⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) over 2 years in drivers suspected of driving under the influence. Part one of the study examined the link between [THC] and performance on field sobriety tests. This portion examined objective signs, eye examinations and physiological indicators; and their relationship to the presence of THC. Several objective signs were excellent indicators of the presence of THC: red eyes (94%), droopy eyelids (85.6%), affected speech (87.6%), tongue coating (96.2%), and odor of marijuana (82.4%). About 63.6% of THC positive subjects had dialted pupils (room light). THC positive subjects had either rebound dilation or hippus in 88.8% of cases. Pulse and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated to determine any correlation with [THC]. An increased pulse rate correlated well to the presence of THC (88.5%), but not [THC]. BP did not correlate to [THC] and was also a poor indicator of THC in the blood (50% high).     

A Legacy of Harm: Punitive Drug Policies and Women’s Carceral Experiences in Canada

There is limited research on the gendered impacts of drug policies in Canada, despite the fact that women, Indigenous women in particular, are the country’s fastest growing prisoner population, with many incarcerated for drug-related crimes. This article highlights the results of a larger qualitative study with former prisoners in Ontario and community and medical experts from across the country. Focusing on the women research participants, we consider the lack of adequate and culturally-relevant substance use and harm reduction programming in federal prisons, and suggest a reformulation of Canada’s punitive drug policies toward a health and social welfare approach.