Ex Ante and Ex Post Allocation of Risk of Illegality: Regulatory Sources of Contractual Failure and Issues of Corrective and Distributive Justice

The pursuit of welfare objectives through contract law rules could be exemplified in the case of illegality and subsequent nullity sanctions attached to a contract that violates certain regulatory rules. The effectiveness of contractual allocation of risk of illegality (regulatory prohibitions), therefore, varies, depending on which contract theory prevails. Maintaining the validity of a prohibited and failed contract, and allocation of the relevant risks, is crucially dependent on whether we adhere to a welfare or rights-based theory of contract. In this paper we argue that impossibility of ex ante and ex post allocation of risk of illegality is the logical outcome of the adherence to a welfare theory of contract law, as maintaining even a minimum validity of the failed contract would result in some welfare losses. According to this approach unjust enrichment could not be rectified because it would diminish the optimal enforcement of welfare objectives. On the other hand, and despite such prohibition and illegality, a rights-based theory would resist opportunistic and rent-seeking behaviour and would ensure the validity of the contract and just allocation of losses and gains, which arise from the failure of the prohibited contract.     

人体损伤后医疗因素影响的有关问题探讨

人体损伤后医疗因素的影响会改变人身损害后果，加之目前我国法理及法律方面的不完善，使此类案件的审理出现一定困难，同时对法医学鉴定也有一定的影响。本文通过对８例案件的分析，讨论了人体损伤后医疗因素影响的特点，并结合法律的观点，提出法医学鉴定中需探讨的问题：１、医疗因素与人身损害之间的因果关系；２、医疗因素有无过失以及责任性过失和技术性过失的区分；３、外伤与医疗因素在人身损害中参与度的判定。从而提高法医学鉴定的科学性，为公正审判服务。     

网上证券交易的风险防范及法律规制

网上证券交易是证券行业以互联网络为媒介给投资者提供的一种全新商业服务。因互联网络发展时间短 ,技术水平也在不断提高中 ,加上相关法律法规的缺失 ,因而网上证券交易在为证券公司带来无限商机的同时 ,也提出了如何确保投资者交易安全问题。通过探讨网上证券交易的风险类别及其防范对策的基础 ,对如何建立和完善网上证券交易法律制度提出了若干设想     

证券市场的稳定发展需要加强有效的监管

我国证券市场经过十余年的发展,已经粗具规模。证券市场的发展,对于提高长期资金筹集、资本经营、优化资源配置等起到了重要作用。在我国加入WTO后,证券市场是机遇与挑战、“利多”和“利空”并存,证券市场的稳定意义重大。因此,发展我国证券市场必须从国情出发,对证券市场的监管应综合治理,各监管主体应相互配合,构建多主体的监管框架,以形成监管合力,维护证券市场的稳定与健康发展,切实保护投资者利益。     

论活力社会建设

改革开放在一定意义上是中国社会转向活力社会的一个重要标志。所谓活力社会就是充满生机活力的社会,每个社会细胞都健康活跃,这样的活力社会必然是开放、自由、包容和创新的社会。使社会始终充满生机活力,是我国国家制度和国家治理体系的一个显著优势,今后不但要继续发挥好这个显著优势,而且要将大力建设活力社会纳入国家发展战略,转化成为一项自觉的社会行动。当前,我国已全面建成小康社会,正在开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。在这一新时代背景下,明确提出、提倡并大力建设活力社会尤其具有重大的现实意义和深远的时代意义。     

多边贸易体制中过渡期条款的内涵与法理基础探析

多边贸易体制中的过渡期条款是基于成员方参与规则建设能力的差异,在平等适用规则的前提下,成员方通过谈判,在特殊时间段内对成员权利义务实行差异化配置的规则类型。这类条款来源于多边贸易体制在发展进程中逐步体现出的包容性,在根本上来源于发达成员与发展中成员间的重大差异,也体现了发展中成员维护自身国家经济安全的迫切需求。基于功能主义视角,过渡期条款产生和存续的法理基础主要体现为,这类条款在维护国家经济主权、修正制度缺陷、呼应发展中成员的特殊与差别待遇以及促进多边贸易体制内的公平互利等方面具有重要作用。世界贸易组织成员鲜明的二元结构特征决定了过渡期条款在未来尚有继续存续的空间。     

A Longitudinal Evaluation of E-Government at the Local Level in Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Australia

This research reviews and revisits the 14 local government websites to determine whether the GWS councils have improved their online services since 2009. The study has found that there have been significant developments and improvements in e-government services among the GWS councils, while these have been variable and in many cases there is scope for further improvement. This research is significant as a longitudinal evaluation can track the evolutionary paths of local e-government development and provides insights into the challenges and opportunities of e-government development at the local level in Australia.     

An Exploratory Study into the Understandings and Awareness of Leadership Ethos and Its Inherent Critical Success Factors by Public Sector Officials in the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Ministry of the National Economy (ECONAT)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to examine the understandings of public sector leaders about Leadership Ethos (LE) and its inherent Critical Success Factors(CSFs) looking at their application in the public policy implementation process. The study applied an adapted theoretical paradigm on leadership that borrows from the Western and African contexts. In the light of the aim and objective of the study, both the interview schedule and survey questionnaires were used to gather information with regard to LE and its inherent CSFs. In this view, a semi-structured interview schedule was used to guide both interviews with senior public officials - one in the DTI and one in the ECONAT. A survey questionnaire was administered to public officials at middle and lower management levels working and reporting directly to the interviewed senior public officials. The purpose of the questionnaire was to reduce personal biases inherent in the responses of the senior officials, which appear to be a challenge emerging from self-perception assessments. Research findings suggest that leaders at the DTI and the ECONAT do not sufficiently demonstrate an awareness of LE and its inherent CSFs in the practice of leadership. LE enables leaders garner followers’ trust and obtain their consent; encourage followers’ commitment to organisational goals; and introduce and encourage participatory decision making processes as key factors to successful public policy implementation.     

Adoption of comprehensive risk management in local government

In the aftermath of large company failures in the early 2000s, there emerged a new wave of efforts to enhance risk management (RM) and control in enterprises. The normative RM model has been promoted widely to all organisations, including public sector organisations. Using survey data, this article describes and explains the diffusion and adoption of RM innovation in local government in Finland. Our survey results support the argument that if comprehensive RM is not obligatory, it is not widely used in local government. Our analysis reveals that financial constraints explain to some extent the existence of comprehensive RM in municipalities, while structural factors such as the size of municipalities do not, even though RM is slightly more advanced in larger rather than smaller local governments. Slow adoption indicates that comprehensive RM as a managerial innovation lacks immediate benefit when assessed against the efforts and costs of its introduction and maintenance.     

粤台高科技产业合作模式及其影响因素研究

全球经济结构调整刺激了海峡两岸产业转型升级,扩大内需政策为两岸共同寻找产业突破口提供了重要支撑,而粤台经贸交流层次与水平的持续提升则为粤台高科技产业提供了更具想象力的合作空间。综合运用区域产业合作相关理论,从参与合作的企业角度可以将粤台高科技产业合作模式划分为授权合作、异业合作、卫星联盟、在地联盟、营销合作、代工合作和外包合作等七种主要类型。这些合作模式受到政策环境、企业组织和合作风险等因素影响,需要采取针对性的政策措施,以促进粤台高科技产业合作的持续性发展。