The use and non-use of policy appraisal tools in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union

The increasing complexity of policy problems, coupled with the political desire to base new policies on the foundation of firm evidence, has accelerated the development of policy assessment tools. These range from complex computer models and cost benefit analysis through simple checklists and decision trees. In the last decade, many governments have established formal policy assessment systems to harness these tools in order to facilitate more evidence-based policy making. These tools are potentially widely available, but to what extent are they used by policy makers and what becomes of the evidence that they generate? This paper addresses these questions by studying the empirical patterns of tool use across 37 cases in three European countries and the European Commission. It uses a simple classification of tools into advanced, formal and simple types. It finds that even when tools are embedded in policy assessment systems, their use is differentiated and on the whole very limited, in particular when it comes to more advanced tools. It then explores these patterns from contrasting theoretical perspectives to shed light on why, when and how different policy assessment tools are used in the policy process.     

论瑕疵证据补正规则

中国2010年颁行的两部刑事证据规定,对"非法证据"与"瑕疵证据"作了明确区分,并针对"瑕疵证据"和部分"非法证据"确立了可补正的排除规则。所谓"瑕疵证据",大都是侦查人员在制作相关证据笔录时存在技术性缺陷的证据。无论是从侵害的法益、违反法律程序的严重程度来看,还是从所造成的消极后果来看,"瑕疵证据"与"非法证据"都具有显著的区别,这也构成了对此类证据予以补正的主要理由。司法解释确立了"瑕疵证据"的范围、补正程序、补正的标准以及补正不能的法律后果。但是,无论是对"瑕疵证据"的界定,还是对此类证据的补正,司法官员都可能存在误读和滥用自由裁量权的问题。因此,对于这一规则的运用,应保持审慎的态度。     

测谎仪的是是非非

近来,因测谎仪闹出的两件荒唐案引发了人们对测谎仪的思考。作为起源于西方的测谎技术,人们褒贬不一。赞成者认为,测谎仪作为技术侦查手段,其结果相当于鉴定结论,具有证明能力。反对者则认为,测谎结果不是独立的诉讼证据。还有人认为,测谎证据虽然不可靠,但可以作为侦查的向导。尽管如此,测谎仪的运用还是在我国变成了现实。但是,我国对测谎仪的功能有夸大之嫌。目前,在我国运用测谎仪亟待解决四个方面的问题。     

Windows NT/2000中电子证据的跟踪与提取

Windows TT是一种当前广泛应用的计算机网络操作系统,但其层出不穷的漏洞,也为入侵者打开了方便之门,使NT机的安全受到极大的威胁;在对Windows NT系统的种种攻击和破坏行为中,如何发现、跟踪与提取电子证据,是破获这类计算机犯罪案的关键;端口监控与检测、日志检测与审核、分析有关文件目录等是获取此类电子证据的有效方法。     

规范我国计算机取证活动的法律思考

我国计算机取证立法滞后:现行《刑法》规定范围过于狭窄,难以满足追诉的法律需要;电子证据定位存在争议,电子证据的证据地位尚未明确;计算机取证规范空白,计算机取证活动"无法可依"。应从以下方面解决我国计算机取证的法律问题:(1)修订现行《刑法》,适当扩大《刑法》第285条规定的客体范围;将《刑法》第286修改为"破坏计算机设备罪"或在"破坏计算机信息系统罪"中增加破坏计算机硬件设施的规定;规定计算机过失犯罪,增设计算机财产犯罪的规定和"滥用计算机信息系统罪";(2)明确电子证据的地位;(3)创设《计算机取证法》,对取证主体、取证程序、电子证据鉴定和取证工具标准等进行规范。     

构建打击网络淫秽色情犯罪的电子证据体系

淫秽色情网站已经对我国互联网的健康发展造成了危害,但在对淫秽色情网站进行打击的过程中却存在种种困难,特别是电子证据的获取和应用方面还有很多亟待解决的问题。为有效打击网络淫秽色情违法犯罪,应该积极推动确立电子证据的法律地位,设立专门机构,完善工作机制,建立标准化的应用体系。     

An assessment of the proportionality of regulation of ‘over the top’ communications services under Europe's common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services

‘Over the top’ communications services such as Skype and FaceTime are changing the way we communicate, carrying voice and video traffic over the Internet. Unlike traditional mobile and fixed line alternatives, these services fall outside the reach of the common regulatory framework. Whilst an absence of regulation is not appropriate, neither is subjecting these services to the full gamut of regulation the path forward: an analysis of the core elements of the regulatory frameworks reveals that, in respect of data retention and privacy, harmonisation of regulation is appropriate. The remaining challenge is determining whether effective regulation could indeed be imposed on services offered from outside the EU.     

毒品犯罪证据问题研究简

近年来，毒品犯罪案件高发，对社会有着较大的负面影响。在司法实践中，对毒品类犯罪案件在处理过程中往往在案件的证据方面呈现出证据困境，从而导致对行为人的定罪量刑存在一定阻碍。通过分析毒品犯罪类案件证据困境的根源，以提出解决证据问题应当坚持的原则和具体的实践路径。     

“微量物证”定义评析

微量物证的定义目前无统一认识,有微物产、化学物证说、景化说等观点。经对各专家学者的观点评析,笔者认为微量物证应从2个层次来界定,第一层次从特征来界定,第二层次从量化的方面来考虑。     

不锈钢刀面上重叠指印分离技法的探讨

实验目的：不锈钢刀面上两种不同物质的重叠指印分离，包括（1）分离不锈钢刀面上先汗液后灰尘指印和先灰尘后汗液指印，（2）分离不锈钢刀面上先血后灰尘指印，（3）先灰后血指印和分离不锈钢刀面上先油后灰尘指印和先灰后油指印。实验（1）中汗液与灰尘指印，无论是灰尘在上还是在下，分离出来的汗液和灰尘指印效果都比较好，都有较高的检验价值。实验结果：实验（2）中灰尘与血指印，无论血和灰尘谁在上或在下，分离出来的血指印和灰尘指印效果都比较理想，具有较高的检验价值。实验（3）中灰尘与油指印，无论油指印在上或是在下，效果都比较理想，但灰尘指印的按捺顺序对灰尘指印有一定影响。