证据开示制度比较研究──兼评我国民事审判实践中的证据开示

证据开示制度１９世纪始于英国,此后,受到各国重视。各国的证据开示制度都有各自的发展和完善历程。在具体的证据开示范围、方法及限制、制裁等方面也有所不同。我国在审判方式改革中,部分地区试行了庭前证据交换,但也存在不少问题,且有关诉讼体制、法制环境、诉讼观念等运行环境问题,尤其值得深思和研究。     

浅论提高现场照相中的证据意识

现场照相是一项侦查工作,也是一种诉讼活动,必须要有证据意识,并拓展现场照相在诉讼工作中的取证能力。我们提倡的是“有备而拍”;在拍摄过程中要不断地修正和充实原来的拍摄计划;现场照片是一个完整的系统,拍摄要循序渐进;要重视现场照相的编排、制卷工作,采取多样的表现手法。     

公安机关初查制度论纲

公安机关初查制度作为刑事立案的前置程序,具有打击犯罪,保障人权,保障刑事诉讼顺利进行的重要意义。初查制度已成为公安机关刑事侦查权的重要方式,但其制度基础却亟待构建和完善。从法律性质上看,初查为行政执法行为,而非刑事侦查行为。初查制度的构建包括三方面的内容:初查制度原则的确立;初查制度程序的设计;初查行为证据的效力。应通过监督程序和机动侦查权的设计,对公安机关初查制度进行法律监督。     

对侦查阶段律师辩护人身份确立的思考

新修正的《刑事诉讼法》在许多方面对侦查工作加强了制约监督,切实体现了尊重和保障人权理念。侦查机关和侦查人员应当顺应时势,牢记尊重和保障人权,转变旧的侦查理念和模式,积极适应侦查阶段律师辩护人身份的确立,不断提高侦查工作质量,切实提高新形势下诉讼效益。这无论从查明案情,还是从打击犯罪方面以及提高侦查公信力方面来说都是非常必要的,而且是非常迫切的。     

Globalization and regulatory change: The interplay of laws and technologies in E-commerce in Southeast Asia

Electronic commerce has brought about business and technological changes globally, and these global changes have given rise to major legal reforms across nations. In the fast-changing global digital economy, states need strategies to maintain competitiveness of their markets while simultaneously ensuring the secure and effective use of technologies involved in conducting electronic transactions. This paper examines how the use and recognition of electronic signatures are regulated in Southeast Asia – the region that has shown the most significant growth in global e-commerce in past few years. Based on a comparative analysis of the laws of four representative ASEAN member states – namely Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam, this paper argues that there is a regional trend towards adopting more liberal and technology-neutral standards for electronic signatures. Electronic signature regulation in Southeast Asia is now built upon limited technological neutrality (or the so-called “two-tiered” approach) as a shared regulatory understanding, but this approach is operationalized differently in each state due to distinctive national contexts. Within the common legal framework, each state has developed its own system of control and management with respect to higher-level signatures (using advanced technologies). The principle of technological neutrality, a concept originally developed for the regulation of technologies in response to the liberalization of telecommunications market, has been the central theme of discussions on the e-transactions policy-making scene. As the author shows, in the process through which states localize the global standards of technological neutrality, ASEAN as a vehicle of regulatory change has played an essential role in translating this principle to the national context.     

The importance of dark adaptation for forensic examinations; an evaluation of the Crime-lite Eye™

Forensic practitioners are recommended to dark adapt their eyes prior to conducting evidential searches in the dark. The dark adaptation process remains poorly standardised across the discipline, with little quantified regarding the benefits of such preparative steps. Herein, we report the findings of a study that recruited 50 participants to assess the effectiveness of the Crime-lite Eye?, a darkness adaptation device developed to assist forensic practitioners both in the laboratory and in field. Participants were tasked with searching for the fluorescent signatures left by reaction of 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) with amino acids, in a manner akin to the fluorogenic fingerprint treatment of porous evidence. Using an Epson Stylus Photo R265 inkjet printer, ink cartridges were filled with alanine solutions of various concentrations, allowing different motifs to be printed onto copy paper and subsequently developed using DFO. Participants searched for this ‘evidence’ both with and without dark adapted vision. On average, participants were able to locate and correctly recognise 16% more evidence once dark adapted using the Crime-lite Eye?.The increase in evidence located by participants once dark adapted suggests that crime scene officers should be dark adapting in order to visualise as much as possible. The time taken to dark adapt, 10?min on average during this study, is not excessively long, and should not significantly slow the investigation.     

电子货币是货币发展规律作用的必然结果

电子货币作为一种新的派生形式,是货币发展规律作用的必然结果。电子货币不仅具有一般货币的共性,而且具有明显的时代特征。因此,电子货币的出现,并没有否定马克思的货币理论,相反却再次证明了马克思货币理论的科学性。     

对虚假航空运输电子客票行程单犯罪的思考

航空电子客票行程单是旅客乘坐飞机的惟一报销凭证,俗称机票发票。近期,关于虚假行程单犯罪的数量不断攀升,而且涉案金额巨大,造成了严重的社会危害。我们可以从分析行程单的法律属性入手,了解虚假行程单犯罪的形式和特征,剖析虚假行程单犯罪的原因。从制度上看,现有的行程单管理制度也存在较大的缺陷。针对虚假行程单犯罪,我们可以从多个方面加以防范和治理。     

社区电子警务的建设研究

社区电子警务是公安机关以社区公众为导向,借助现代信息技术,科学重组警务流程、拓展便民服务路径,从而实现警察与社区居民的良性互动,以求共同解决社区问题、维护社区公共安全,进而促进社会协调发展的警务理念、警务模式和警务方法体系的总称.当前我国社区电子警务建设还存在一些问题,集中表现在:重形式轻实效,重管理轻服务,重硬件轻软...     

The maquiladora electronics industry on Mexico’s northern border and the environment

The electronic sector, in particular, the computing industry, has become an increasing concern because of the environmental impact of its products throughout their life cycle. The United States, Europe and Japan as the greatest consumers of electronic goods have given special attention to this issue. The fast computer obsolescence and its difficult confinement, because of the hazardous substances contained, have required a special effort of technical innovation. Nevertheless, this effort seems to respond mainly to the standards required by the countries in which these goods are produced, consumed and confined, which are radically different in developed and developing countries. Though an important part of the production process (assembling) is done in developing countries, little attention has been paid to the environmental quality at this production stage. This study examines the environmental problems and strategy of the electronic assembly industry in the three northern border cities of Mexico. Almost half of 200 electronic maquiladora enterprises surveyed had not undertaken any active environmental policy and there was a limited environmental standards enforcement. Evidence was found that the firms that had operated for a longer period of time had better chances of taking better care of the environment. Environmental firm policies became weaker as one descended from the head office to the subsidiaries and then to their suppliers. It is also found that some transnational corporations operate with double standards in Mexico and thus strong national policies on environmental standards in Mexico are required to change this practice.