An assessment of the proportionality of regulation of ‘over the top’ communications services under Europe's common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services

‘Over the top’ communications services such as Skype and FaceTime are changing the way we communicate, carrying voice and video traffic over the Internet. Unlike traditional mobile and fixed line alternatives, these services fall outside the reach of the common regulatory framework. Whilst an absence of regulation is not appropriate, neither is subjecting these services to the full gamut of regulation the path forward: an analysis of the core elements of the regulatory frameworks reveals that, in respect of data retention and privacy, harmonisation of regulation is appropriate. The remaining challenge is determining whether effective regulation could indeed be imposed on services offered from outside the EU.     

论经验型法官之重构

经验型法官对司法具有重要的价值和意义。基于传统的纠纷类型案件的需求而产生的经验型法官不适应现代民事诉讼发展的需要,而现在所提倡的专业型法官也并不是完全适应社会需求的。因此,需要对经验型法官进行重构,以适应社会发展和诉讼体制变革的需要。     

4种硅藻检验方法的比较研究

目的比较硝酸乙醇法、酶消化法、“破机罐”法和Soluene-350法在检验硅藻中各自的优缺点,为法医实际办案提供理论依据。方法取家兔肝、肾和骨髓3种组织各2g,分别用上述4种方法消化,比较4种不同方法分别将组织这些完全消化所需要的时间、消化能力、对硅藻的检出率以及对硅藻的破坏程度。结果消化时间以Solu-ene-350法耗时最长,其次是酶消化法,硝酸乙醇法和破机罐法耗时最短。4种方法消化能力的强弱依次是“破机罐”法、硝酸乙醇法、酶消化法、Soluene-350法。对梅尼小环藻(淡水)和桥弯藻(淡水),酶消化法的检出率最高,硝酸乙醇法其次,“破机罐”法和Soluene-350法最低。对舟形藻(海水),酶消化法的检出率高,其余3种方法几乎没检测到。扫描电镜观察:酶消化法对硅藻结构几乎没有破坏。其余3种方法对硅藻均有不同程度的破坏。结论从降低成本、提高检测效率角度,应选择“破机罐”法和硝酸乙醇法;从安全性和环保角度,或可疑水样为海水及硅藻密度较小时,应选择酶消化法;Soluene-350法因耗时长、成本高且硅藻检出率低,不适于在基层法医中推广。     

The Importance of Political Context for Understanding Civic Engagement: A Longitudinal Analysis

We contend that political context is important to consider when analyzing social capital and that context has an important but neglected impact on understanding the consequences of civic activity. Our focus is on the influence of rural, local leadership in two Minnesota communities and policies that these elites have developed to bring Internet connectivity to their citizens. One city developed a community electronic network and the other opted for an individualistic, entrepreneurial approach to information technology. Using a quasi-experimental research design and four-wave panel data, we find that elite policy approaches interact with civic activity to predict technology use among citizens, even long after the policies’ initial implementation. In the city with a community network, residents who are integrated into civic life are able to harness these political resources to become more technologically sophisticated.

Computer use monitoring and privacy at work

The rapid growth of new developments in communication technology has brought electronic monitoring to the forefront of today’s workplace concerns. This is an area that in recent years has drawn considerable attention amongst the media, academia and legal scholars demanding that employers do not intrude into employees’ online privacy via electronic monitoring in the workplace. However, electronic monitoring at work is not one-sided and it is arguable that employers have legitimate reasons to justify their action. This paper aims to examine employers’ justification for conducting electronic monitoring by highlighting the potential risk of financial and legal liabilities that employers may incur as a result of employees’ misuse of online services at work.     

技术与法律双重视野下的电子证据搜查扣押——以“肉食者”系统引发的争议为例

相对于传统的物证、书证而言,电子证据是一种纯粹的技术产物。对电子证据的搜查、扣押离不开计算机技术的支持。肉食者系统在美国所引起的争论,在某种程度上可以认为是计算机技术发展与法律规范之间的一种冲突,而肉食者系统的开发本身即是计算机技术在法律规范约束之下的结果。基于计算机技术的发展规律与法律稳定性的考虑,对电子证据的搜查、扣押可以采取法律规范与技术规范双重约束的模式,即通过法律规范约束来保证搜查、扣押的合法性,通过技术规范的约束可以保证搜查、扣押所得电子证据的客观性。     

WWWMDs: Cyber-attacks against infrastructure in domestic anti-terror laws

This article compares and contrasts the legislation that would be used to prosecute acts of cyber-terrorism in five western democracies: Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. It argues that each of the four Commonwealth jurisdictions sets too low a threshold for prosecuting acts of cyber-terrorism against electronic and other infrastructure systems. By contrast, the United States has enacted more finely calibrated legislation that sets a much higher threshold for acts of cyber-terrorism deserving life imprisonment.     

Creating a Blueprint for E-Government

Abstract

In 2001 the nonprofit Council for Excellence in Government published E-Government: The Next American Revolution, a vision of what full electronic government in America could accomplish and a blueprint of how to get there. It was the product of an unprecedented collaboration, led by the Council, among 350 information technology experts in business, government, research, and the nonprofit sector nationwide. Recognizing e-government's considerable potential, these professionals were excited by the opportunity to suggest its design and help make it a reality. Administration actions and legislative proposals on e-government in several ways reflect the blueprint's recommendations. This is the story of the initiative and what it achieved.     

论计算机搜查的法律规制

计算机搜查是当前司法实践中一种全新的取证措施,在世界范围内得到了日益广泛的运用,同时也引发了一系列的法律障碍。本文从计算机搜查的基本含义切入,采取比较研究的方法,指出我国实务中计算机搜查应当实现由一步式向两步式的根本性转变。在此基础上,本文阐述了我国的计算机搜查在应否申请令状、如何确定搜查范围以及维护案外人的合法权益、借助第三方的协助等方面遭遇的法律问题,并深入地论证了亟待确立的有关法律规则。     

对电子数据现场获取存在问题的分析与探讨

本文结合近几年案件中电子物证检验的状况，对电子数据的现场获取中可能影响检验结果的因素进行了分析探讨，并给出了解决这些问题的技术措施和建议。