The History and Future Trends of ART Medicine and Law

The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (“ART”) have resulted in over eight million births to date, heralding remarkable advances in reproductive medicine with a transformational impact on both medicine and law. The effects have been acutely felt on the modern family, as well as on a myriad of areas of legal practice—including Family Law, Estate Planning, Contract, Health, Constitutional, Criminal, Discrimination, Tort Law and, for international arrangements, Immigration and Citizenship laws. This article examines the historical context, present impact, and future trends of ART and the Law. Its purpose is to help better understand these unique developments in order to help law and policy makers harness and craft the policies and frameworks that will be needed to monitor, shape and guide these remarkable possibilities for participants, professionals, law and society.     

Influence of storage on larval length and age determination of the forensically important blow fly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

One of the main tasks in forensic entomology is the determination of the minimum post-mortem interval (PMI_min) based on the age of the juvenile insects feeding and developing on the dead body. An important task is to store the evidence appropriately so that the evaluation and expert report can be used in court. However, existing recommendations can be contradictory or lacking scientific validation, e.g. by proposing various preservation liquids without knowing whether and to what extent the period of storage in such a liquid has an effect on the length of the preserved larvae. Storage time can be an issue since, due to technical and procedural circumstances, killed larvae may be stored for hours, days, weeks or even longer prior length measurement. A changed body length would have consequences for the entomological report, as the age of the larvae is usually derived from their length.This study investigates the effect of four differently concentrated ethanol solutions (70%, 80%, 90% and 96%) during a storage period of up to 196 days on the body length of stored larvae of the forensically important blow fly species L. sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Larvae of different ages (24 h, 48 h and 72 h after hatching) were killed by immersion in hot, non-boiling water (≥80 °C) for at least 30 s. Their lengths were measured immediately. Subsequently samples were stored in ethanol of appropriate concentration at room temperature (approx. 22 °C). Further length measurements were made at 16 different storage intervals between 1 and 196 days.Many specimens showed a length decrease for most storage conditions and all larval ages. However, there was a tendency for 48 h- and 72 h-old larvae to increase in length after the first days of storage of up to 1.1 mm which may lead to an erroneous overestimation of the PMI_min using this kind of specimens. All changes in length within each cohort over total time were in the range of +7% to −9.1%. Significant differences in length changes within the first days of storage were found mainly in larvae stored in 70%- and 80%-ethanol, but larvae stored in 90%- and 96%-ethanol showed first significant differences on day 56 at the earliest.Our results lead to the recommendation that the measurements of fly larvae samples should be taken immediately after killing and before storage to avoid any effects. Ethanol ≥90% should be used for storage.     

关于“安乐死”立法化的理论思考

"安乐死"问题事关生死大事,跨越社会、伦理、法律、医学等学科,争议由来已久。对死亡问题进行哲学思辨,目的在于揭示安乐死的哲学基础并寻求共识。对安乐死问题进行伦理分析和文化兼容性思考,有助于突破安乐死问题中国化所面对的两大障碍。研究并解决好这些问题,是实现安乐死立法化的必由之路。     

砂拉越华族族群母语教育与文化传承的维护:以古晋中华第一中学之兴办为个案研究

砂拉越位于婆罗洲,原为文莱属地,1841年白人拉惹政权建立后,大批华人在其招垦下移入砂拉越。在华文教育萌芽的初期,白人拉惹对其取自由放任的态度,直至20世纪20年代,因华人社会中的政治运动及海外华侨民族主义在各个华文学校的发展,才颁布学校注册法令,开始干涉砂拉越地区的华文教育。二战后,白人拉惹将砂拉越让渡给英国,新成立的殖民地政府急于统合境内各族群对砂拉越的认同,遂推动以英语为教学媒介语的国家教育制度,迫使砂拉越华文中等学校在改制成以英语授课的学校或独立中学之间做出选择。为保存族群母语教育,为华族子弟接受母语教育提供机会,在古晋地区创立的中华第一中学,决定成为一间华文独立中学。这间华文独立中学至今仍有千名以上学生,其校园中充满华族文化气息。本文对古晋中华第一中学的创立、发展、经营作一个案研究,期盼对吾人进一步了解战后砂拉越华族社会族群语言的维护及文化的传承有所助益。     

试论媚雅广告的表达机制——兼论其对社会排斥的隐性表达

媚雅广告是指以感性诉求为主、强调典雅情调、营造尊贵品位的广告形式.它通过对艺术、运动、地域和源语符号进行意义嫁接,完成符号赋值,一方面鼓励社会中上层进行精英反叛式的主动排斥,与社会普通大众保持距离;另一方面试图赋予社会各阶层之间的不平等以合法性,故意通过差异化设置文化界限和社会区隔,导致了社会下层的被动排斥.从表面看,媚雅广告是一种新的消费理念与生活方式的表征;往深处究,不难发现它巧妙地利用了文化资本为之效力,是竭力追逐利润的商品生产者和试图扩张文化话语权的社会中上层两者合力的结果.     

浅论构建和谐社会中的公安文化建设

先进的公安文化对于建设和谐警营,实现警民关系的良性互动,推动公安工作为构建社会主义和谐社会服务有着重要的意义。继承传统文化、提升民警综合素质、强化舆论宣传是建设先进公安文化的有效途径。     

大学英语口语教学策略新视角

在大学英语口语教学中,教师帮助学生了解汉英语言和文化差异,培养其用英语思维习惯,提高理解能力;创造和谐的课堂气氛,搞好教学过程中的师生关系,鼓励学生积极开口说英语,将会极大地提高学生的口语能力。     

韩中文化交流现状与展望——以出版业为例

韩中两国自1992年建交以来的20余年间,双方在经贸、教育、互访、国际婚姻、文化以及人力资源等领域的合作交往日益深化。其中,出版业奠定了所有交流领域的文化基础,具有重要的意义。到目前为止,韩中双方的出版业交流主要以纸类书籍为主。如今,随着IT产业的发达,孕育了电子书产生的背景,引起了图书史上的一场革命。要想促进电子书更广泛的交流,必须要加强著作权的保护,提高读者交付阅读费用的认识,普及价格低廉的阅读器,统一电子书的标准发展平台等问题要率先得到考虑与完善。电子书便利的使用途径、互联网简单的传播方式、低廉的购买费用和管理费用、大量传播、多媒体资源的有效利用等优点,可以更加有效地促进韩中两国的文化理解,增进友好关系。因此,电子书是两国文化交流不可或缺的新型载体。     

英语词汇教学中的语言文化差异现象

在词汇教学中,由于英汉两种语言文化背景的不同,因而大量存在着容易引起语言理解错误的词汇和短语。鉴于此,英语教师在教学过程中应从英汉两种语言的文化差异现象入手,分析造成这些差异的原因,通过对比分析来解决英语词汇中出现的若干问题。     

文化繁荣发展中的七大关系适度平衡的时代审视

推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣是文化工作和文化建设的主题。只有适度平衡社会主义文化大发展大繁荣中的继承与创新、高雅与通俗、普及与提高、引领与包容、开放与安全、社会效益与经济效益、文化事业与文化产业之间的七大关系,才能发展社会主义先进文化,深化文化体制改革,推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣,提升我国文化软实力和国际竞争力。