Victimless venison? Deer poaching and black market meat in the UK

Abstract

The British Deer Society places the number of poached deer in the UK as high as 50,000 each year whereas only 335 incidents were reported to the police in 2009. This article explores deer as invisible victims of green crime and the motivations behind this poaching, drawing on the typologies of wildlife crime offenders developed by Nurse in 2013. In particular, the traditional profit-driven motivation of offenders is explored by attempting to uncover if there is, as suspected, a black market in venison. In order to do this, online questionnaires were sent to wildlife crime officers and gamekeepers asking questions about the scale and scope of deer poaching, who the perpetrators are and what is happening to the meat. From these data, it is hoped that a more detailed picture of deer poaching can be developed to further inform wildlife law and poaching prevention. This article also draws attention to the plight of poached deer and the potential danger to people of a black market in venison.     

The Gender in Stories: How War Stories and Police Narratives Shape Masculine Police Culture

This research examines storytelling and narrative development in police culture related to gendered aspects of policing. Interviews with 28 officers indicates that women are frequently viewed through a gendered lens and that police storytelling appears an important context for understanding police culture. The types of stories explored in this paper–flow of action, war stories, and gender narratives–provide a context for understanding the (re)production of masculinity in policing. By paying close attention to police narratives we can gain insight into the maintenance of masculine police culture. The findings also build on the growing foundation of narrative inquiry in criminology.     

Theorizing Criminal Law Reform

How are we to understand criminal law reform? The idea seems simple—the criminal law on the books is wrong: it should be changed. But 'wrong’ how? By what norms 'wrong’? As soon as one tries to answer those questions, the issue becomes more complex. One kind of answer is that the criminal law is substantively wrong: that is, we assume valid norms of background political morality, and we argue that doctrinally the criminal law on the books does not embody those norms. Another kind of answer is that the criminal law as it stands presupposes certain empirical facts, and yet those facts do not hold. Traditionally, criminal law reform has been informed by both these answers. Analytical theorists examine doctrine for its conceptual structure, and social scientists examine the actual workings of the criminal justice system. This tidy picture is, however, challenged by social constructivist accounts of the criminal law. They challenge the stability and conceptual purity of doctrine, and they challenge the objectivity of social science. On the basis of these challenges, they undermine the ambitions of traditional criminal law reform, and argue that the only reforms to the criminal law that matter are politicized ones—that criminal law reform is pointless unless it serves the interests of the marginalized and the dispossessed. It seems undeniable that in some sense our perceptions of crime in our society are indeed moulded by social forces, and that crime does not exist independently of the social structures and processes that help to define and control it. But why should those insights have the implications for our understanding of criminal law reform that they are alleged to have? How could it follow from those insights that criminal law reform either becomes radicalized or valueless? The aim of this paper is to show that what can legitimately be taken from the emphasis on the social constructedness of crime does not require wholesale abandonment of the traditional picture of criminal law reform, even though it may require some modifications of that picture.     

犯罪学认识论初探

犯罪学是一门以研究多变的犯罪现象为内容的社会科学,当它被认识论这个工具重新挖掘的时候,犯罪学的基础理论就会稳定而清晰地呈现在大家面前。犯罪学认识论是可以帮助人们弄清犯罪学的来源及其发展规律的认识理论和认识方式,并能够极大地促进犯罪学共同学科意识的形成。犯罪学认识论包括犯罪现象的认识论、犯罪原因的认识论和犯罪对策的认识论。     

建筑学格言与犯罪学研究的展开

建筑是住人的机器、凝固的音乐和石头的史书,这是建筑学的三条格言。从某种意义上说,建筑艺术可以折射出人类行为的所有方面,包括形形色色的犯罪行为。建筑与犯罪学研究之间有着极为密切的联系。     

人身危险性研究的谱系学分析

人身危险性是刑法研究和实践中经常使用的概念。作为犯罪学创立后诞生的概念,国内学者对其论述较少,且多是从刑法规范角度入手。结合哲学等人文社科领域研究的进展来分析法学领域中人身危险性研究的方法和路径,可以得出人身危险性研究的路线始终是围绕先天危险性和后天危险性展开的结论。     

Mean Streets Revisited: Assessing the Generality of Rival Criminological Theories

The vast majority of tests of major criminological theories have been conducted on youths in school settings. Following Hagan and McCarthy’s (1997) admonition to engage in “street criminology,” the current study surveyed 254 juveniles drawn mainly from impoverished neighborhoods in Uruguay, who were either confined or in an alternative justice program. Due to limited literacy skills, all youths were interviewed regarding theoretical measures and their delinquent involvement. The results revealed that self-control was unrelated to delinquency in this sample. By contrast, social learning factors and stressful life events were found to increase delinquent participation. The results suggest that the effects of the field’s core theories are general, accounting for as much or more variation in the sample of street youths as among youths attending conventional U.S. schools. The policy implications of the findings are explored.     

从侦查实践角度看犯罪本体论问题

犯罪学对犯罪本质、犯罪原因等的本体论追求 ,是犯罪客体化的产物。这种追求是社会犯罪文化观的一种知识层面的表述 ,并不是犯罪学科学化的基础。从刑罚实践的历史进程看 ,犯罪作为刑罚实践的一个环节 ,构成了刑罚实践的手段 ,而不是脱离刑罚实践并与刑罚实践相对峙的外在的自在事实。因此 ,犯罪体现了刑罚实践的结构性特征 ,也体现了人类社会的结构性特征。