Differences in levels of deviance between Japanese and American students: the influence of peer deviance

In the current study, by drawing on the literature concerning peer deviance and criminological social learning theory, and on theory and research concerning cultural variability in uncertainty avoidance, we offer a rationale for predicting that peer deviance will be lower among Japanese than among Americans. The lower level of peer deviance among Japanese, in turn, might explain why crime and deviant behaviour are less common in Japan compared to the United States. Analyses of comparable survey data from college students in Japan and the United States (N = 1271) provide strong support for our hypothesis.     

Environmental crime prosecutions in Ireland, 2004–2014

Despite increased interest in environmental crime and green criminology, few studies address the use of criminal penalties in response to environmental crimes. A handful of published examples employ data from the United States or the Flanders court system, and little is known about how other nations punish environmental violations. Addressing this issue, the current study examined the use of criminal environmental penalties in Ireland from 2004 to 2014. Few criminal environmental cases (N = 147) and few environmental offenders (N = 154) were represented in these data over time. Consistent with the expectations of green/environmental crime researchers, mean penalties for environmental violations, which in Ireland only include fines and investigative cost recovery penalties, were rather small. Unlike in the US or Flanders, the majority of offenders were corporate offenders as opposed to individuals. Contextual factors related to Ireland’s economy, history and use of criminal sanctions should be used to interpret these factors, and prevent generalising from these data.     

美国仇恨犯罪论纲

仇恨犯罪是指全部或部分因对他人的种族、宗教、残疾、性倾向有强烈歧视而推动的侵害人身、财产、社会的刑事恶行。剖析美国仇恨犯罪能够为我国犯罪学去粗求精、提高理论敏感性、有针对性地攻克理论难关提供思路。仇恨犯罪人在确证自己所信奉的文化观念后采取非法手段,实现自己创造的象征性价值。野蛮的宣泄歧视情绪的亚文化能够在潜在的犯罪人群中得到认同,这是仇恨犯罪形成的重要原因。     

Organized Crime in Asia: A Review of Problems and Progress

This paper provides a preliminary overview of research on organized crime in Asia drawing on selected papers from a symposium held at the National University of Singapore in June 2007. We draw on these contributions to emphasize the enterprise nature of organized crime and the common problems encountered by law enforcement in controlling and preventing the many harms inflicted by serious criminal activity. Recent attempts to address the changing character and forms of transnational organized crime, especially through the strengthening of mutual legal assistance by regional bodies such as ASEAN, are noted. These measures have yet to develop into the cross-border institutional frameworks now found in Europe, and the level of effective co-operation can only continue to improve. Countering organized crime in Asia also faces additional difficulties arising from the cultural diversity, relative weakness of law enforcement in some states and the lack of common strategies in respect to illicit markets.

犯罪范畴基础理论研究

犯罪是重大的历史现象与社会现象。在相关的学科当中,刑法学和犯罪学与犯罪的关系最为紧密,均以犯罪作为学科基本范畴。但不可否认的是,由于学科任务和学科性质以及研究方法的不同,犯罪学与刑法学对于犯罪范畴的理解存在着重大的差异。理论上很小的差异会给实践带来很大的影响,学科间犯罪范畴的差异与沟通的确是无法回避与忽视的重要问题。该意义上的犯罪范畴,既直接关系犯罪性质的认定问题,也直接关系犯罪圈的划定问题。     

关于犯罪学研究的几个理论问题

犯罪学在我国尚处于初创阶段 ,一些基本理论问题在我国学术界还存在很大的争议。本文拟对犯罪学的研究对象、犯罪学的学科性质、犯罪学研究的趋势进行研究和探讨。     

中国犯罪学研究现状及其发展

中国的犯罪学研究在关于犯罪的概念、犯罪原因分析、犯罪对策等方面展开了积极探索 ,取得丰硕成果 ,积累了相当经验 ,但总的来说 ,仍处于幼年时期 ,尚不成熟。由于犯罪学是一门实践性和应用性很强的学科 ,因而在加强基础理论研究的同时 ,要广泛开展应用性研究 ,为与犯罪作斗争的实践服务 ,这是犯罪学理论发展的根本。今后的犯罪学研究具体应注意以下问题 :加强犯罪学学科性质与地位的研究 ,在犯罪原因、现象、预防等方面的理论研究仍需深化 ,在研究方法上应积极探索思辨与实证研究方法、定性与定量分析方法的最佳结合。     

现代犯罪学研究的一个重要方面--国外个体因素研究简介

80年代,美国重视的是社会群体研究,对个体因素研究比较忽略.20年后他们在这方面的研究取得重大进展.个体因素研究涉及医学、生理学等多方面的专门知识,包括非常丰富的内容.个体因素研究的发展,不是偶然的,它经过了一个复杂的发展过程.搞好这方面的研究,有非常重要的现实意义.     

表现型犯罪的情境预防--一个西方犯罪学视角的观察

表现型犯罪是指行为人的在行为过程中带有强烈情感色彩的犯罪行为，这些犯罪可以包括由飙车所引起的交通事故犯罪、由足球流氓引起的伤害案件、故意毁坏财物的犯罪、强奸、猥亵儿童等行为，在转型期的中国，表现型犯罪已屡见不鲜，其防治成为须待解决的问题。基于西方古典犯罪学派的情景预防理论基于理性犯罪人与机会控制的思考路径，是防治表现型犯罪的一套成熟的理论体系和策略应用。西方犯罪学文献中对于情境预防之于表现型犯罪也有批判之声，情境预防理论的倡导者从理论的正当性与实际犯罪的预防效果两方面对批判进行了回应，证明了情境预防是对抗表现型犯罪的有效途径之一。     

BEYOND ADOLESCENCE‐LIMITED CRIMINOLOGY: CHOOSING OUR FUTURE—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2010 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*

For over a half century, criminology has been dominated by a paradigm—adolescence‐limited criminology (ALC)—that has privileged the use of self‐report surveys of adolescents to test sociological theories of criminal behavior and has embraced the view that “nothing works” to control crime. Although ALC has created knowledge, opposed injustice, and advanced scholars’ careers, it has outlived its utility. The time has come for criminologists to choose a different future. Thus, a new paradigm is needed that is rooted in life‐course criminology, brings criminologists closer to offenders and to the crime event, prioritizes the organization of knowledge, and produces scientific knowledge that is capable of improving offenders’ lives and reducing crime.