游离于报应与威慑之外：犯罪学视角下刑罚理论的迷失

如果从犯罪学的视角,审视刑罚理论的发展及以西方为代表的刑罚政策的演进,会发现过去长期遵循以报应——威慑论为基础的刑罚理论,无论其内在的价值体系还是实践中的刑罚运用,都已经趋势背离了这一基础。究其原因,除了经典刑罚理论自身的缺陷之外,刑罚矫正理念的实践在前,以成本——收益为考量的经济机制的渗透在后,均直接导致刑罚核心价值的迷失。通过对原因与现象的分析,探讨以赎罪理念为核心的刑罚价值回归之于我国刑事政策发展的意义。     

关注人本质意义上的犯罪学价值取向研究——犯罪学价值取向有无与初探

犯罪学尽管以犯罪为直接的研究对象，但是，最终却是以人为作用对象。因此，犯罪学比一般的社会学更具有人的属性。在犯罪学研究中主张“价值无涉”原则一开始就是不现实的，因为犯罪学本身就包含着一种价值评判，从对某种犯罪的否定评价到对该种犯罪现象进行的研究，从对桌种犯罪原因的揭示到对某种预防、控制犯罪手段的采用，都不可避免地涉及价值评判的影响。对犯罪学的价值取向进行分析，可以更准确地把握犯罪学发展的现在和未来，更好地实现预防犯罪和打击犯罪的目的。     

论犯罪学的研究对象

犯罪学诞生至今已有近两个半世纪的历史。对于犯罪学的研究对象仍有不同的主张则从一定程度上反映了犯罪学这一学科尚欠成熟。古典派犯罪学、实证派犯罪学和近现代犯罪学都将预防和控制犯罪的对策作为研究的重要对象。所谓狭义犯罪学意义上的研究对象只是一些学者进行研究和著述时的个别选择而已。就犯罪学学科而言,其研究对象始终是广义的。     

犯罪学界的贡献

犯罪学界的贡献,有不同的等级之分。犯罪学的三等贡献是对一定时空、一定类型的犯罪现象的变动机制作出科学的说明,进而提出可行的控制方略。犯罪学的二等贡献是遵循科学规律,影响国家的刑事政策。犯罪学的一等贡献是对犯罪学的基本范畴提出创造性理论,或者是对犯罪学的理论结构提出有利于犯罪学发展的方案。犯罪学的特等贡献也即历史性的贡献,是形成影响力广泛的犯罪学派。     

Overview of Criminology in Europe

The editors of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research wanted to include an article with an overview of European criminology in this special issue on European criminology. But in order to discover whether there is such a thing as European criminology, one should first look at the state of affairs of criminology in the individual countries of Europe. This article is an attempt to do so. It is based on a short questionnaire posted to individuals in 34 European countries, a report by Walgrave and Goris, entitled An Overview of University Institutions of Criminology (1996), an Internet search on selected keywords, and some background material available in the WODC library. It gives an overview of criminological research and research institutes; European co-operation, comparative research and European networks; criminological training; national societies of criminology and criminological periodicals.     

犯罪学的犯罪概念何以可能 --犯罪学本体理论建设的反思性研究

犯罪学本体理论建设的前提和基础是科学界定犯罪概念.但由于犯罪学的历史使命和学科性质形成的犯罪学研究对象和研究方法的局限,使得犯罪学的犯罪概念仅具有认识论上的指向性,这决定了将犯罪概念提升至本体论的高度既无必要也无可能.对于犯罪概念,犯罪学所能回答的仅仅是"犯罪是一种客观事实".     

证券犯罪特征的犯罪学分析

证券犯罪是在证券发行与交易的各个必要环节中发生的违法行为 ,同时证券犯罪还具有法定犯罪、白领犯罪、共同犯罪、贪利犯罪等特征 ,对此深入分析可以使我们在预防和惩治证券犯罪时更加具有针对性。     

‘She’s White and She’s Hot,So She Can’t Be Guilty’: Female Criminality,Penal Spectatorship,and White Protectionism

Despite mainstream criminology’s burgeoning interest in issues of race, class, and gender, very little scholarship has examined whiteness and its attendant privileges in understanding public discourse on criminal offenders. This paper examines the role of penal spectatorship as a discursive mechanism by which white, female offenders are protected in public spaces by virtue of their racial and gender identity. Using a content analysis of comments posted on the mug shot images of white women on a popular ‘mug shot website,’ we find that these women are viewed as victims of circumstance deserving of empathy and redemption rather than as criminals. We offer ‘white protectionism’ as a means by which whites extend privilege and protection to other whites who transverse the boundaries of whiteness through criminality to guard against ‘deviant’ or ‘criminal’ designations. These findings add to our understandings of penal spectatorship as yet another tool of white supremacy operating in the Post-Civil Rights era of mass incarceration.     

Laying a Foundation for the Criminological Examination of Right-Wing,Left-Wing,and Al Qaeda-Inspired Extremism in the United States

Despite several overlaps between crime and terrorism, criminological examinations of terrorism to date have been limited. To fill this gap in the research, we examine several individual and contextual socio-demographic characteristics of a diverse sample of extremists operating in the United States who have committed violent crimes. In addition, we provide a comparative analysis to explain and understand differences between extremists who have committed violent crimes while active in either far-Right, far-Left (including environmental and animal rights extremists), or Al Qaeda and affiliated movements. To assess the impact of external factors on the nature of domestic extremist violence, we also comparatively examine these three types of domestic extremists before and after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. We find several similarities across domestic extremists but many important suspect- and county-level differences as well. We end the paper with suggestions for future research that could extend the criminological study of terrorism.     

有组织犯罪概念之界定

在界定有组织犯罪概念时,首先应分清犯罪学和刑法学两种学科意义上的不同涵义,前者的外延要宽泛得多。刑法学意义上的有组织犯罪概念之界定应参照各国具体情况,立足于刑法规范,不必强求统一。但国际上应尽早规定一个统一的有组织犯罪概念,这有其必要性,同时也有可能性。