The evolution of European legal integration

This article contributes to the development of theories on European integration by testing and exploring statistical models on the long-term development of legislative activity of the European Commission. Drawing on legal information gained from the European Union’s PreLex database and analyzing it with the help of statistical analyses, we map out growth patterns of EU law between 1976 and 2003. We construct time-series models and models based on non-linear regression. While the performance of models based on the traditional theoretical approaches, intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism, is rather poor, the analysis suggests that nonlinear dynamic models might be an interesting avenue for future conceptualizations of the EU integration process. This article is based on a paper presented at the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union Second Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, “Implications of a Wider Europe: Politics, Institutions and Diversity”, 24–26 June 2004, Bologna, Italy. We would like to thank the seminar participants for useful comments.     

论新世纪新阶段治安行政执法的改革

新世纪新阶段,我国的治安行政执法面临着一些新的情况和新的问题,我们应当改变治安民警的传统观念,转变治安民警执法角色,改革治安行政许可,完善治安法制建设,规划治安行政执法的运行机制.     

欧洲银行监管委员会《外包标准》(建议稿)介评 ——兼论我国金融外包监管法之完善

金融外包给金融风险监管提出了新的要求.有鉴于此,欧洲银行监管委员会先后出台了两份建议稿试图为银行业务外包风险监管在欧盟的框架内提供统一的指导原则.名为<外包标准>的建议稿是在<外包高级原则>(建议稿)的基础上于2006年4月出台的,二者在名称及具体内容上都有较大的不同.<外包标准>建议稿在保留第1份建议稿特色的基础上,强调了对客户金融隐私的保护,修正了金融监管部门对外包的监管权,使外包业务的分类更加明确.但是,现行建议稿在监管标准的制订上未充分考虑不同种类的外包商可能对外包风险造成的影响,要求所有的外包都必须有服务水平协议也较为绝对化.参考欧洲银行监管委员会在金融外包监管方面的立法经验,考虑我国金融外包的实践,我国应当制定普遍的金融外包监管法,同时对<电子银行业务管理办法>中电子银行业务外包部分进行完善.     

难民保护面临的国际法问题及对策

对难民提供国际保护既是人道主义的要求,也是维护国际和平与安全使然,然而拒不接受难民的趋势越来越严重。应对这一问题的法律措施,一是修改既有难民定义,扩大国际难民法的保护范围,使得各国对那些不符合既有难民定义却处于与难民同样境地的人的援助,从纯粹基于人道主义考虑的自觉自愿行为转化为法律义务。二是强调国际人权法在难民国际保护中的应有作用。将人权原理应用到难民保护领域,通过敦促国家履行国际人权保护义务来实现对难民的保护,可以克服国际难民法的固有缺陷,并强化难民国际保护的法律基础。     

20世纪90年代以来中国公民资格权利的发展

从公民资格权利发展角度考察我国的社会转型有利于分析、解释国家面临的挑战和宏观发展轨迹。1990年代以来,在市场经济的发展、社会的分化和利益的多元化、社会公平问题、政府转型的大背景下,我国公民资格权利取得了一定进展:与市场经济建设相关的公民权利内容进一步发展,民主政治的实践使公民政治权利的形式和内容有所充实,社会权利的保护和发展尚处于探索当中。从宏观角度看,公民资格诸权利呈现出分化发展和相互推动的特点;国家主导制度构建与公民积极行使权利构成公民资格权利发展的双动力;户籍制度对权利的分等作用弱化,平等的公民资格权利的普遍化进程加速;程序性权利的设置与保障仍然不足,呈现出探索性特征。     

从事实到规范:物权法民意基础的实证研究——以土地问题为中心

以社会调查数据为判断标准,物权法对土地制度发展的事实,既有呼应,也有背离、漠视、逃避和模糊。呼应主要包括:明确坚持保护私有财产;妥善规定承包经营权的流转、登记的效力、土地使用权到期后的处理等。背离表现为:继续强调集体土地所有权。漠视表现为:未规定建设用地使用权的类型和取得时效;未明确承认宅基地使用权、集体建设用地使用权的流转等。逃避表现为:未能明确统一登记的具体机构及其设置等。模糊表现为:未能清楚界定征收条件、征收中物权的变动时间、登记审查等。     

宪法理解与宪政的建立和巩固——一种宪政经济学的视角

宪法之维系和宪政之建立与巩固,有赖于对宪法的复合式理解。宪法的内容构成、属性、层次以及宪政之建立与巩固过程,都是多元化的。宪政经济学视野下的契约宪法观、协作装置宪法观、惯例宪法观与自发生成的制度宪法观都把宪法简单化与单一化。要建立和巩固一个宪政体制,宪法的制定必须与某一共同体的惯例保持一致,同时,宪法必须具备稳定性、有效性、效率性。     

深刻理解和努力践行科学发展观的世界观和方法论

科学发展观的世界观和方法论,既与马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和＂三个代表＂重要思想一脉相承,又赋予其新的时代内涵和实践经验,形成了内涵丰富、形式独特的当代马克思主义哲学命题,突出地表现为以人为本的核心理念、科学发展的根本路径、实现和谐的社会目标、系统辩证的思维方式、求真务实的科学精神,为我们在当代条件下运用科学发展观武装头脑、指导实践、推动工作提供了科学的马克思主义立场观点方法。     

WHERE IS THE VILLAGE GOING? MAINTAINING AND INCLUDING CULTURAL STRENGTHS TO PROTECT CHILDREN ORPHANED IN KENYA

This article is the result of a master's thesis about children and their universal right to be included in a family environment. This is not only protected under international law, but also intuitive to human beings. HIV‐AIDS continues to threaten lives of children, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa in the form of orphaning. Looking at a case study from Kenya, it is revealed that, while legal protection is yet to be fully realized in the state, strong cultural norms of value are alive. Currently, the extended family system is the greatest protection to children orphaned or at risk of being orphaned. However, this system was made invisible in the domestic laws of Kenya under the Children Act 2001. This neglect calls for questions not only regarding the protection cultural norms may offer, according to the best interests of children, but also as to the cultural environment being created with the new law.     

Flipping burgers or flipping pages? Student employment and academic attainment in post-Soviet Latvia

Latvian higher education has undergone a dramatic transition since 1991. This study employs a survey of nearly 1000 social science students studying in 13 different institutions in Latvia to consider the impact of the increase in the number of students who are working while studying. Evidence indicates employment has a strong and significant negative impact on school performance, and the negative impact increases as weekly hours worked increase. This manifests itself through reduced class attendance and reduced time spent in independent study. Finally, we find that the probability of student employment is most significantly affected by the availability of financial aid, gender, ethnicity, and age.