警察出庭作证制度探究

警察出庭作证在西方法治国家是一种通行做法,并且具有多元的诉讼价值。在我国,建立这一制度虽然有其必要性,但目前在观念、体制、立法等方面尚存在诸多障碍,因而条件并不成熟。当务之急,是为该制度在未来的建立做一些铺垫性的、基础性的工作。     

证据开示制度比较研究──兼评我国民事审判实践中的证据开示

证据开示制度１９世纪始于英国,此后,受到各国重视。各国的证据开示制度都有各自的发展和完善历程。在具体的证据开示范围、方法及限制、制裁等方面也有所不同。我国在审判方式改革中,部分地区试行了庭前证据交换,但也存在不少问题,且有关诉讼体制、法制环境、诉讼观念等运行环境问题,尤其值得深思和研究。     

浅论提高现场照相中的证据意识

现场照相是一项侦查工作,也是一种诉讼活动,必须要有证据意识,并拓展现场照相在诉讼工作中的取证能力。我们提倡的是“有备而拍”;在拍摄过程中要不断地修正和充实原来的拍摄计划;现场照片是一个完整的系统,拍摄要循序渐进;要重视现场照相的编排、制卷工作,采取多样的表现手法。     

The importance of dark adaptation for forensic examinations; an evaluation of the Crime-lite Eye™

Forensic practitioners are recommended to dark adapt their eyes prior to conducting evidential searches in the dark. The dark adaptation process remains poorly standardised across the discipline, with little quantified regarding the benefits of such preparative steps. Herein, we report the findings of a study that recruited 50 participants to assess the effectiveness of the Crime-lite Eye?, a darkness adaptation device developed to assist forensic practitioners both in the laboratory and in field. Participants were tasked with searching for the fluorescent signatures left by reaction of 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) with amino acids, in a manner akin to the fluorogenic fingerprint treatment of porous evidence. Using an Epson Stylus Photo R265 inkjet printer, ink cartridges were filled with alanine solutions of various concentrations, allowing different motifs to be printed onto copy paper and subsequently developed using DFO. Participants searched for this ‘evidence’ both with and without dark adapted vision. On average, participants were able to locate and correctly recognise 16% more evidence once dark adapted using the Crime-lite Eye?.The increase in evidence located by participants once dark adapted suggests that crime scene officers should be dark adapting in order to visualise as much as possible. The time taken to dark adapt, 10?min on average during this study, is not excessively long, and should not significantly slow the investigation.     

How to avoid driving DNA caseworkers crazy: CaseSolver,an expert system to investigate complex crime scenes

DNA analyses can be used for both investigative (crime scene-focused), or evaluative (suspect-focused) reporting. Investigative, DNA-led exploration of serious crimes always involves the comparison of hundreds of biological samples submitted by the authorities for analysis. Crime stain comparisons include both evidence to evidence profiles and reference to evidence profiles. When many complex DNA results (mixtures, low template LT-DNA samples) are involved in the investigation of a crime, the manual comparison of DNA profiles is very time-consuming and prone to manual errors. In addition, if the person of interest is a minor contributor, the classical approach of performing searches of national DNA databases is problematic because it is realistically restricted to clear major contributors and the occurrence of masking and drop-out means that there will not be a definitive DNA profile to perform the search with.CaseSolver is an open source expert system that automates analysis of complex cases. It does this by three sequential steps: a) simple allele comparison b) likelihood ratio (LR) based on a qualitative model (forensim) c) LR based on a quantitative model (EuroForMix). The software generates a list of potential match candidates, ranked according to the LRs, which can be exported as a report. The software can also identify contributors from small or large databases (e.g., staff database or 1 mill. individuals). In addition, an informative graphical network plot is generated that easily identifies contributors in common to multiple stains. Here we describe recent improvements made to the software in version v1.5.0, made in response to user requirements during intensive casework usage.     

Eye Movement Characteristics of Cooperation Degree during Image Completion Test in Psychiatric Impairment AssessmentCSCD

Objective: To explore the difference of eye movement characteristics between uncooperative and cooperative subjects with mental disorder after cerebral trauma. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects which needed psychiatric impairment assessment were selected. According to the binomial forced-choice digit memory test (BFDMT), all subjects were divided into cooperative and uncooperative groups. The subjects were asked to take the image completion test from Wechsler adult intelligence scale. Meanwhile, the data of eye movement track, fixation, saccade, pupil and blink were recorded by the track system of eye movement. Results: There were significantly differences (P<0.05) in the data of saccade between cooperative (10 cases) and uncooperative groups (29 cases). The frequency, time, amplitude, acceleration of saccadic in uncooperative group were significantly higher than cooperation group. The saccade latencies of cooperation group increased more than uncooperative group. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in total discrete distance, average distance and total time of fixation between two groups, while the average duration time, number and frequency of fixation had no significantly difference (P>0.05) between two groups. And the blink frequency of cooperation group was higher than uncooperative group. Conclusion: Eye movement can be an objective index for the primary judgment of cooperation level. © 2017 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

知识产权诉讼中的鉴定人制度探析

知识产权诉讼中的鉴定人应定位成类似于专家证人的法官辅助人。其资质的认定应以鉴定权主义为原则,鉴定人主义为例外。当事人和法院均对鉴定人有选任权,但法院对当事人所选定的不合资质的鉴定人有否决权。其权利义务除遵循我国相关法律法规外,宜吸纳英美法系某些关于专家证人的义务规定。其鉴定意见须经法庭质证,由法官对鉴定意见的可采性做出判断。其责任追究应采用过错原则,错鉴责任的过错须是主观故意或重大过失。     

论司法鉴定人员职业规则

如何理顺司法鉴定中各个主体的关系,如何规范司法鉴定活动,使司法鉴定活动可以发挥其制度设计中本应具备的职能,是司法鉴定制度进一步完善的重点。在可供选择的多种方式之中,司法鉴定人员职业规则是必不可缺的一环。自从2005年司法鉴定体制改革以来,针对司法鉴定人员职业规则的研究和制定规则的实践均刚刚起步,急需进行系统而具体的探索...     

微量物证的刑事诉讼价值探析

微量物证概念的界定是研究微量物证的逻辑起点,也是进一步认识其诉讼价值的关键。在刑事诉讼各阶段,微量物证的诉讼价值都能得到很好的体现,而更好地实现微量物证的诉讼价值有赖于微量物证鉴定的标准化和规范化,相关仪器的配备与维护,以及微量物证数据库和样品库的建立。     

试论网络犯罪的证据立法

网络的高速发展使得以网络为手段的网络犯罪四处泛滥,其手段也不断更新,危害也日益严重。与此同时,由于其犯罪主体智能化,犯罪手段隐蔽,特别是证据难以采集等,此类犯罪破案率低,立案率更低。为此,各国纷纷加强立法对策,并通过国际公约针对网络犯罪规定了新的证据规则以应对。我国并没有针对网络犯罪的专门证据立法,使得理论与实务界对电子证据无法统一认定,有必要借鉴外国及国际公约建立起我国的电子证据立法。