意义、价值与暴力性私力救济的发生——基于对行动的主观维度考察

人们的行动不是基于单纯的手段-目的理性,也不会完全受到结构性约束之摆布。通过对纳西族社会中发生的“殉情”历史事件、彝族的“死给”制度等个案考察,将表明暴力性私力救济的发生不仅和规则、资源、现有的纠纷解决机制等社会的客观维度有关联,它还与人们关于生活意义的思考、信仰和价值等主观方面有关系。人们的信仰、价值、意义追寻促成了暴力性私力救济。暴力性私力救济不能完全被消除,只能被限制和减少。但是,治理暴力性私力救济不能从强制改变人们的主观信念入手,只能着手于制度建构,消除引发暴力性私力救济客观因素。     

Vulnerability to Friends’ Suicide Influence: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Adolescent Depression

This paper examines whether severity of depression reduces or intensifies the relationship between friends’ suicide attempt and adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and whether there are gender differences in this interrelationship. Using logistic regression and data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents studied at 2 points in time, this study yielded significant findings. First, friends’ suicide attempt and adolescent depression each predicts adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and these effects are similar for both boys and girls. Second, highly depressed adolescents are less likely than low- or nondepressed adolescents to attempt suicide when their friends attempt suicide, and this relationship is observed mainly among adolescent boys. Finally, for adolescent girls, depression reduces the relationship between friends’ suicidal attempt and adolescent's own attempt but this effect is not statistically significant. These results are discussed in light of their theoretical importance and policy implications.Professor of Sociology at San Diego State University. Has published in the areas of crime/delinquency, drug use/abuse, intergenerational processes, and psychosocial stress. Recent publications have appeared in Western Criminology Review, Social Psychology Quarterly, Sociological Inquiry, Journal of Adolescent Research, and Youth and Society.     

大学生自杀行为探析

文章通过社会调查与资料采集 ,对当代大学生的轻生自杀行为进行分析、研究 ,并提请大学生、家庭、学校、社会的关注 ,加强安全教育与防范。     

Toxicology and Circumstances of Completed Suicide by Means Other than Overdose*

Abstract: To determine the prevalence and circumstances of psychoactive substances amongst nonoverdose completed suicide, 1436 consecutive cases autopsied at the NSW Department of Forensic Medicine over the period 1/1/1997–12/31/2006 were analyzed. Substances were detected in 67.2% of cases, and illicit drugs in 20.1%. Alcohol was present in 40.6% of cases. Males were more likely to be positive for alcohol, cannabis, and psychostimulants, and females for pharmaceuticals. Illicits were associated with younger age. Alcohol was most prominent amongst toxicity cases, as were opioids, psychostimulants amongst gunshot cases, and pharmaceuticals amongst drownings. Cases in which drug and alcohol histories were noted were more likely to have a substance detected. Alcohol was more common where a suicide note was left and where relationship problems were involved. Pharmaceuticals were more common where a previous attempt was noted. Licit and illicit substances are strongly associated with suicide, even when the method does not involve drug overdose.     

对轻生自杀干预谈判原则的探讨

自杀现象剧增问题,已成为当今社会一个非常严重的社会问题。由警方派出专业的谈判人员进行轻生自杀干预、对其施行人道主义救助,已成为警方不可忽视的一项重要工作任务。要想取得谈判的最大成功,警方谈判人员就应该掌握自杀干预谈判的基本原则、避开操作误区。文章对自杀干预谈判原则中的尊重原则、倾听原则及动情原则进行了阐述,以期为提高自杀干预谈判成功率有所裨益。     

发展社会学的时空视角

对现代性的深刻反思，导致发展社会学的理论框架必须重新建构。时间和空间是把握现代性的一个网结，时空关系的重大转变是传统社会过渡到现代社会的重要标志。因此，社会时空对于发展社会学具有构成性意义。而现代性的时空维度，其实是自经典社会学以来一直延续的重要学术传统。本文基于对这一学术脉络的梳理，提出以“时空压缩”与“时空伸延”作为基本概念，建立能够解释全球化背景下新的发展过程，特别是发展中国家新的发展历程的发展社会学理论视角和基本结构。     

Suicide by Cop Among Officer-Involved Shooting Cases

Abstract: The frequency and characteristics of suicide by cop cases (SBC) among a large (n = 707) nonrandom sample of North American officer-involved shootings (OIS) were investigated. “Suicide by cop” is when a subject engages in behavior which poses an apparent risk of serious injury or death, with the intent to precipitate the use of deadly force by law enforcement against the subject. Thirty-six percent of the OIS in this sample were found to be SBC with high interrater agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.93) for category classification. SBC cases were more likely to result in the death or injury of the subjects than regular OIS cases. Most SBC cases were spontaneous, but had clear verbal and behavioral indicators that occurred prior to, and during the event. Findings confirm the trend detected in earlier research that there was a growing incidence of SBC among OIS. SBC individuals had a high likelihood of possessing a weapon (80%), which was a firearm 60% of the time. Half of those with a firearm discharged it at the police during the encounter. Nineteen percent simulated weapon possession to accomplish their suicidal intent. Other findings highlight the histories and commonalities in this high risk group.     

公众场合应激性自杀事件现场干预初探

公众场合应激性自杀事件的现场干预是警方不可回避的职责,更是对警方警务技能专业化的考验。对于此类事件的处置,警方应在不放弃强力营救的前提下,尽量采用谈判方式进行。即警方应在把握应激性自杀者基本心理特点的情况下,灵活运用现场干预的基本策略与技巧,按照一定的原则和程序进行处置。为了应对现场干预中的各种情况,处置人员还必须熟练掌握此类事件现场处置的预知对话模式。     

不协调压力理论下的大学生自杀机制解析

大学生感受着来自四个方面的不协调压力：价值观冲突、理想与愿望的差距、相对剥夺感、应对危机技能缺乏。无法缓解的不协调压力会使大学生患精神疾病或使原有的精神疾病加重甚至自杀。缓解不协调压力的有效方法包括社会支持与积极的自我应对。自杀的不协调压力理论是一个较全面解释自杀现象的新理论,对认识与防范大学生自杀有参考价值。     

Five Words for Assisted Dying

Motivated by Lord Joffe’s Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, but with one eye on any possible future legislation, I consider the justifications that might be offered for limiting assistance in dying to those who are suffering unbearably from terminal illness. I argue that the terminal illness criterion and the unbearable suffering criterion are not morally defensible separately: that a person need be neither terminally ill (or ill at all), nor suffering unbearably (or suffering at all) to have a right to assisted dying. Indeed: I shall suggest that the unbearable suffering criterion undermines the Bill (or any proposal like it) wholesale. On the other hand, the criteria taken together are defensible, and this defence would be built on a concern for the protection of the vulnerable. However, I also claim that this implies that the law might justifiably—and maybe even properly—aim to prevent a person from gaining access to that to which they have a serious moral right. This seems paradoxical, and, towards the end of the paper, I seek to tease apart the paradox.