现代日语的音节研究——基本音节与扩张音节

日语教学都是从假名的学习开始,教科书的语音教学通常是以日语假名组成的五十音图为基准.日语的假名是音节文字,学习假名就是学习日语的音节.因此,与汉语和英语教学中重视音素教学的特点相比,日语的语音教学具有以音节教学为重点的特征.本文根据音节使用目的,将日语音节分为基本音节和扩张音节两类进行具体研究,前者是日语固有的音节,也是对应汉词的音节;后者是为弥补基本音节音译外语的不足,在基本音节基础上扩张的音节.扩张音节目前还不是一个完整、稳定的体系,有些场合会受到基本音节的影响,被习惯发音取代.这是日语音节教学需要突破的难点.     

自杀性恐怖犯罪新动向及对策研究

自杀性恐怖犯罪是为了达成某种目标或恐怖效果而经常采取的一种犯罪行为。犯罪原因包括民族分离主义的影响、宗教极端势力的蔓延、复仇心态的形成以及社会、经济因素等。目前这类犯罪呈现地域分布全球化、数量上升、个案和系列爆炸结合、主体年轻化、女性犯罪增加、高科技倾向明显、人弹更加隐秘的新特点。对其防控对策有：加强情报收集和分析、加强打击力度、强化综合治理、缔结统一国际反恐公约,完善国内反恐怖立法、大力发展生产力、反对＂双重标准＂、增强公众的心理承受力、倡导不同文明间的对话、交流与合作等。     

关于自杀性危机事件现状的分析

文章针对＂扬言自杀＂（跳楼秀）这一亟待解决的社会现象的基本现状，进行了比较全面的分析。内容分为四个部分：自杀性危机事件的四个行为特征，即效果性、公众性、持久性和＂尊严＂性。自杀性危机事件的不同行为类型．即情感障碍型、权益伤害型、愤世嫉俗型、不堪重负型和综合型；自杀性危机事件在区域上、性别上和社会角色上的分布规律，以及自杀性危机事件形成的根源性和直接性的主、客观原因。     

An Unusual Case of Multiple‐Gunshot Suicide of an Alcohol‐Intoxicated Cancer Sufferer with Prolonged Physical Activity

Multishot firearm suicides are relatively rare and suggest the possibility of homicide. Physical activity following gunshots to the head, the neck, and the thorax does occur, and immediate incapacitation does not occur in every fatal gunshot wound that penetrates the head or perforates the heart. Cancer patients appear to be at increased suicide risk, but alcohol intoxication is less common in such cases. We present—to the best of our knowledge for the first time—a case of a 54‐year old, male, liver cancer sufferer, who under the influence of alcohol, discharged his revolver three times, suffered, among other wounds, a heart‐perforating wound, and died after c. 1.5 h, being able to talk until just before he died. Our case underlines the importance of keeping an open critical mind when dealing with multiple‐gunshot fatalities, especially when posttraumatic physical activity might be crucial in differentiating homicide from suicide.     

An inmate’s right to die: legal and ethical considerations in death row volunteering

There is a considerable body of literature about the death penalty across a variety of disciplines. However, a newer body of literature has emerged examining the phenomenon of elected executions, also known as death row volunteering. To date, 138 (nearly 11%) of the 1300 death row executions have come from volunteers. This issue has been particularly controversial due to a number of legal and ethical considerations that have been raised by the scholarly, legal, and public communities. Such issues include a capital defendant’s competency to volunteer; ethical and moral dilemmas for capital defense attorneys, the states, and medical and mental health professionals; whether death row volunteering equates to ‘state-assisted suicide’; and finally, how these considerations impact the public’s support for capital punishment. This paper reviews the existing literature pertaining to death row volunteering through the lenses of these various considerations. Recommendations for future research in this area are also offered.     

Ingestion of pointed objects in a complex suicide

A 51-year-old woman with a psychiatric history of depression and drug abuse was found hanged in her bedroom. The ligature was a scarf attached to the door handle. The autopsy findings suggested that two methods of suicide had been used one after the other. In the first stage, numerous nails, pins and needles were swallowed; in the second stage, the suicide was completed by hanging.     

Suicidal or Homicidal Sharp Force Injuries? A Review and Critical Analysis of the Heterogeneity in the Forensic Literature

The differential diagnosis between self-inflicted and nonself-inflicted, suicidal and homicidal, injuries is difficult or impossible in many cases and, above all, cannot be made on the basis of information obtained solely from the autopsy or the medicolegal clinical examination. The purpose of this study is to analyze the literature on suicidal and homicidal sharp force injuries and identify the relevant parameters that may help differentiate between suicidal and homicidal deaths. To achieve this goal, a review of 595 potentially relevant articles was performed. After excluding the nonrelevant papers by screening the titles, all abstracts were reviewed, and articles meeting the inclusion criteria underwent a full-text review. The following parameters were compiled into a table: number of cases, localization of the injuries, and number of injuries. The data were statistically analyzed and compared with those available in the forensic literature. On the basis of the heterogeneity of data revealed by the present review, a simple and short checklist of the parameters that should be included when reporting suicides and homicides by sharp force has been proposed.     

自杀问题的国家立场

国家对自杀的态度经历了一个历史变迁，目前自杀行为属于法的评价空白领域。对于自杀行为应该如何定性，能否将其权利化，这涉及到个人的自我决定权、国家保护生命的义务、基本权利价值体系乃至道德伦理之间的关系。从国家的立场出发，不应将自杀界定为一种权利或者自由，也不属于个人的自我决定权的范畴。自杀有其社会成因和社会危害，国家应有所作为，努力防止自杀，履行自己对于生命权的保护义务。     

合并自杀的凶杀研究

合并自杀的凶杀发生率较低,但经常导致家庭成员伤亡,甚至导致家庭灭绝;同时其与许多病态、家庭暴力和严重社会破坏相关。通过回顾相关研究,本文首先简要介绍合并自杀的凶杀的概念演化及其发生率,然后重点介绍其犯罪学特征、类型及其与精神障碍关系,最后结合司法鉴定实践指出今后的研究方向。