Sharp Force Injury Fatalities: A Retrospective Study (1982–2012) in Brescia (Italy)

A retrospective study was carried out on postmortem examination data of 131 sharp force‐related casualties recorded by the Brescia Institute of Forensic Medicine between 1982 and 2012. The objective was to identify relevant parameters that may be used to distinguish the manner of deaths between homicide, suicide, and accident. The following variables were considered: manner of death; demographic data; scene; type of sharp object; location and numbers of wounds; the presence of hesitation marks/defense wounds; toxicological findings; psychiatric history. There were 92 homicides, 28 suicides, and 11 accidents. Most victims were male, with an average age of 43. Injuries in isolation were present in 9.8% of homicides, in 35.7% of suicides, and in 54.5% of accidents. Most injuries involved the left anterior chest in homicides and the forearms in suicides. This study underlines the importance of a meticulous postmortem examination of injuries on the body and their relationship with other results from the death scene investigation.     

Understanding Suicide Across the Lifespan: A United States Perspective of Suicide Risk Factors,Assessment & Management

Suicide is a troubling, preventable phenomenon. Prior to attempts, individuals often seek help, prompting practitioners to perform risk assessments that ideally use evidence‐based risk management strategies. A literature review was performed using Harvard Countway Library of Medicine, Google Scholar, PubMed. Key words used were “Forensic Science,” “Suicide Risk Management,” “Pediatric Suicide Risk Factors,” “Adult Suicide Risk Factors,” “Geriatric Suicide Risk Factors,” “Suicide Risk Assessment.” Parameters limited articles to studies/reviews completed in the past twenty years in the United States. Results indicated predictors of suicide in juveniles were insomnia, burdensomeness, and recent conflicts with family or a romantic partner. Adults had greater risk if male, substance abusing, with marital/job loss. Elderly individuals with multiple medical comorbidities, hopelessness, and isolation were at higher risk. Everyone evaluated should be screened for access to firearms. Management of suicide risk involves providing the least restrictive form of treatment which maintains an individual's safety.     

新中国成立初期贯彻《婚姻法》过程中妇女自杀或被杀的性别视角探析

1950年5月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国婚姻法》在婚姻自由和夫妻权利平等等方面赋予了女性法律主体地位，实行男女平等的基本原则，这是几千年来婚姻制度领域的根本性变革，这种根本性变革引起了源于父权制特权的乡村干部、婆婆、丈夫等的顽强抵抗，这些势力单独施虐或二者、三者合伙施虐都可能造成妇女自杀或被杀的惨剧。同时，性别又与阶级、民族、国家等因素密切关联，三者交织在一起，更加剧了妇女自杀或被杀问题的错综复杂性。     

The Institutionalization of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI)

A number of observers have expressed serious concerns that Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI), as it expands in the Sahel, may become strong enough to be a threat to Europe and carry on the global mission of Al-Qaeda as conceived by bin Laden. This fear seems unwarranted. Using institutional analysis to study the AQMI behavioral fluctuations over the last decade, this article argues that AQMI's need to find a compromise between external and internal legitimacy has constrained its behavior. The affiliation of the Algerian terrorists with Al-Qaeda was in many ways a marriage of convenience that created a number of internal contradictions. At the cognitive level, implicit Algerian nationalism to rid the country of its corrupt regime remains at odds with pan-Islamic views shared by Al-Qaeda's leadership. At the normative level, indiscriminate suicide bombing supported by Al-Qaeda is abhorrent to many Algerian terrorists, who construe their mandate in the spirit of the Algerian war of independence where it is their duty to protect civilians. These and other contradictions prevent AQMI from developing a coherent political agenda and thus it is less likely to engage in a long-term conflict against European societies.     

How liable should an exporter be?: The case of trade in hazardous goods

This paper analyzes liability issues in the context of internationally traded goods like hazardous waste. It focuses on waste disposers of a small open economy that are judgement-proof due to either wealth constraints or regulatory liability limits. In this case, the extension of liability to waste exporters distorts the factor allocation and may reduce disposal care. Hence the optimal extension is partial at most. However, extending liability increases incentives of the waste importing country to hold domestic disposers liable. Interaction through the price system and through contracts that condition payments for disposal services on the occurrence of an accident yield identical outcomes if disposers are judgement-proof.     

大学生自杀的原因透析

大学生自杀行为的发生是多种因素共同作用的结果。其中既有具体生活事件方面的原因,又有个人心理原因,但究其根源还是在于社会因素的作用。导致大学生自杀的社会因素主要有社会转型、家庭环境、社会隔离、模仿和社会文化等。     

中国刑事强制措施制度的改革与完善

为了适应社会转型时期的客观需要 ,解决司法实践中存在的问题 ,缩小与联合国刑事司法准则的差距 ,我国应当对包括逮捕、监视居住等在内的强制措施制度进行改革 ,对超期羁押进行制度性的防治 ,协调行政措施与强制措施之间的关系。     

历史文化因素与日本人的自杀行为

日本属高自杀率国家。日本人的自杀行为有着独特的历史文化因素:传统价值观对自杀行为的宽容甚至鼓励;史籍与语言——自杀的历史文化载体;日本源远流长的"武士道"精神及切腹的思想;审美意识中的自杀与自古的崇尚和渲染;对自杀的法律评价;集团意识、依赖心理与自杀的"传染性"、集体性;情感模式中的拘谨自制等。