火器伤损伤程度的法医学鉴定(附63例报告)

目的　探讨火器损伤的致伤特点及活体损伤程度鉴定的有关问题。方法　 6 3例火器损伤主要按火器枪弹种类及数量分为四组 ,Ⅰ组 :霰弹损伤 ;Ⅱ组 :气枪损伤 ;Ⅲ组 :军用枪损伤 ;Ⅳ组 :射钉枪与爆炸损伤 ,对其进行前瞻与回顾性分析总结。结果　Ⅰ组损伤多见于斗殴 ,损伤部位以四肢部多见 ,异物存留、损伤程度明显高于其它各组 ;Ⅱ组损伤多见意外 ,不易造成异物存留 ;损伤程度轻于其它各组 ;Ⅲ组损伤多见抢劫与杀人 ,损伤部位多见头部 ;Ⅳ组损伤较少见仅占 7 92 %,不是本文讨论的重点。四组损伤合并脏器、神经血管损伤及骨折 33例 ,占 5 2 38%,构成重伤、轻伤 5 0例 ,占 79 37%。结论　火器损伤程度较重 ,致伤机理有其自身特点 ,现行损伤程度鉴定标准对其体现不够 ,值得法医同仁加以重视。     

原发性脑干损伤及其研究进展

本文综述了原发性脑干损伤的原因、临床表现、诊断与检测 ,重点介绍了其死亡原因和病理形态学 ,尤其是在细胞和分子水平上的改变 ,并对原发性脑干损伤的进一步研究方向进行了展望     

低氧和氧化应激中 NO介导培养神经元损伤机理的实验研究

目的探讨低氧、氧化应激中一氧化氮（NO）和氧自由基之间关系及其对培养神经元的损伤机理。方法对培养的新生大鼠神经细胞分别进行低氧、H2O2氧化应激处理和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）抗氧化应激处理,用比色法等检测培养上清液中NO、丙二醛（MDA）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和SOD含量变化指标。结果与对照组比较,低氧组和H2O2组的NO、LDH、MDA含量均显著增高,SOD含量显著降低,NO与SOD含量变化呈负相关关系。预先给予终浓度为200U/ml的SOD处理,可使神经细胞的NO、LDH和MDA释放量明显减少。各组间NO含量与LDH、MDA含量呈正相关关系。结论低氧、氧化应激促使神经元NO产生增多,NO有增加氧自由基对神经细胞的损伤作用。SOD具有清除氧自由基和减轻NO对神经元的损伤作用。     

“老工伤”问题的法律探讨

针对“老工伤”问题,我国已先后出台一系列法律文件与政策规定,但由于其法律位阶过低,缺乏法律责任条款,执行起来较为随意,因而使此问题难以得到彻底解决。建议法律进一步具体明确两个当仁不让的责任主体：一为用工单位,二为政府。     

浅议违约精神损害赔偿——理论反思与制度构建

目前我国的精神损害赔偿仅在侵权法领域适用,排除了在合同法领域适用的可能。然而在合同违约的情形下仍然可能造成守约方严重的精神损害。同为精神损害,只因造成的原因不同而不能得到法律的平等保护,其公平合理性便值得斟酌。纵观国外立法和司法判例,均在不同程度上认可了违约精神损害赔偿,加之现代法从形式正义转而追求实质正义的发展趋势,在我国逐步确立违约精神损害赔偿制度是符合现代法发展趋势和现实需求的。笔者拟通过初步的理论分析和反思,提出在我国建立违约精神损害赔偿制度的建议。     

碎米蕨叶马先蒿对小鼠肝肾和血液指标的影响

为探讨碎米蕨叶马先蒿对动物机体的损害程度,以评价其安全性,本试验将采自新疆巴音布鲁克草原的碎米蕨叶马先蒿粉碎,自制含15%和30%的碎米蕨叶马先蒿草粉鼠粮,饲喂小鼠三个月以上,随机抽取小鼠血液进行生化指标天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、尿素(BUN)、肌酐CRE的测定和血常规红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、淋巴细胞绝对值(LYMPH#)、淋巴细胞(LYMPH)百分数、中性粒细胞(NEUT)比率和单核细胞(MONO)比率的测定。生化指标结果显示,高剂量组碎米蕨叶马先蒿对小鼠肝脏可能造成轻微损害,对小鼠肾脏可能造成损害;血液学检测结果显示,在试验第28天时WBC、LYMPH百分数、LYMPH#高剂量组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),NEUT比率和MONO比率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在血液学检测整个试验期间,各测定指标都在不断波动,试验后期均趋于动态平衡。上述结果表明,30%碎米蕨叶马先蒿草粉鼠粮对小鼠肝脏可造成轻微损伤、对肾脏造成损伤,但不影响造血系统。     

Spatial analysis of violent crimes in Metro Manila,Philippines

Spatial patterns of murder and physical injury in Metro Manila, Philippines were visualised through conditional choropleth maps. Relationship of both crime rates with some demographic variables were investigated while accounting for possible spatial autocorrelation using spatial lag models. Results show that both crime rates tend to cluster in the northern cities of Metro Manila. Furthermore, significant spatial lag coefficients were found only for physical injury rates, with values ranging from 0.49 to 0.62, signifying a positive city-level spatial dependence of physical injury rates in Metro Manila. Moreover, some demographic covariates, such as population density, percentage of young males, education, marriage, and immigration were found to be associated with both crime rates. These results could serve as useful indicators of crime incidence; thus it is recommended that crime monitoring systems include them to aid in resource allocation and program planning for better crime prevention and security management.     

Differences between Homicides Committed by Lone and Multiple Offenders in Korea

The aim of this study was to differentiate between homicides committed by multiple offenders and homicides committed by lone offenders. Using data on homicide incidents that occurred in South Korea between 1985 and 2008, we compared 134 homicides committed by multiple offenders, with 369 homicides committed by lone offenders. A greater proportion of homicides committed by multiple offenders involved injuries to the victim's head compared to homicides by lone offenders. Homicides committed by multiple offenders were more likely to involve blunt instruments and ligatures, whereas homicides by lone offenders were more likely to involve sharp instruments. In addition, a majority of the homicides committed by multiple offenders were planned. The results of this study have practical implications for homicide investigations, as well as theoretical implications for homicide research on the difference in offense behaviors based on the number of offenders.     

The importance of dark adaptation for forensic examinations; an evaluation of the Crime-lite Eye™

Forensic practitioners are recommended to dark adapt their eyes prior to conducting evidential searches in the dark. The dark adaptation process remains poorly standardised across the discipline, with little quantified regarding the benefits of such preparative steps. Herein, we report the findings of a study that recruited 50 participants to assess the effectiveness of the Crime-lite Eye?, a darkness adaptation device developed to assist forensic practitioners both in the laboratory and in field. Participants were tasked with searching for the fluorescent signatures left by reaction of 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) with amino acids, in a manner akin to the fluorogenic fingerprint treatment of porous evidence. Using an Epson Stylus Photo R265 inkjet printer, ink cartridges were filled with alanine solutions of various concentrations, allowing different motifs to be printed onto copy paper and subsequently developed using DFO. Participants searched for this ‘evidence’ both with and without dark adapted vision. On average, participants were able to locate and correctly recognise 16% more evidence once dark adapted using the Crime-lite Eye?.The increase in evidence located by participants once dark adapted suggests that crime scene officers should be dark adapting in order to visualise as much as possible. The time taken to dark adapt, 10?min on average during this study, is not excessively long, and should not significantly slow the investigation.     

《损伤程度》与《致残分级》关于脊柱四肢评定条款的比较

本文对《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》和《人体损伤致残程度分级》有关脊柱四肢评定方面的条款进行比较研究。从结构破坏、功能障碍、结构破坏合并功能障碍等方面分析两者的异同,为损伤程度和致残程度评定提供借鉴。