An evolutionary step in intellectual property rights – Artificial intelligence and intellectual property

This article addresses and analyses the issues concerning the ownership of computer generated works within patents and copyright, and concludes that the current regime is woefully inadequate to deal with the growing use of more and more intuitive artificial intelligence systems in the production of such works. It considers the respective claims of interested parties to such rights before moving on to a consideration of the creation of a new legal personality to which such rights could be granted to resolve the difficulties inherent in the current system.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Morphological Changes of the Pubic Symphyseal Face and the Auricular Surface and Implications for Age at Death Estimation

Age estimation methods are often based on the age‐related morphological changes of the auricular surface and the pubic bone. In this study, a mathematical approach to quantify these changes has been tested analyzing the curvature variation on 3D models from CT and laser scans. The sample consisted of the 24 Suchey–Brooks (SB) pubic bone casts, 19 auricular surfaces from the Buckberry and Chamberlain (BC) “recording kit” and 98 pelvic bones from the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution). Strong and moderate correlations between phases and curvature were found in SB casts (ρ 0.60–0.93) and BC “recording kit” (ρ 0.47–0.75), moderate and weak correlations in the Terry Collection bones (pubic bones: ρ 0.29–0.51, auricular surfaces: ρ 0.33–0.50) but associated with large individual variability and overlap of curvature values between adjacent decades. The new procedure, requiring no expert judgment from the operator, achieved similar correlations that can be found in the classic methods.     

Palate Shape and Depth: A Shape‐Matching and Machine Learning Method for Estimating Ancestry from Human Skeletal Remains

In the past, assessing ancestry relied on the naked eye and observer experience; however, replicability has become an important aspect of such analysis through the application of metric techniques. This study examines palate shape and assesses ancestry quantitatively using a 3D digitizer and shape‐matching and machine learning methods. Palate curves and depths were recorded, processed, and tested for 376 individuals. Palate shape was an accurate indicator of ancestry in 58% of cases. Cluster analysis revealed that the parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptical shapes are discrete from one another. Preliminary results indicate that palate depth in Hispanic individuals is greatest. Palate shape appears to be a useful indicator of ancestry, particularly when assessed by a computer. However, these data suggest that palate shape is not useful for assessing ancestry in Hispanic individuals. Although ancestry may be determined from palate shape, the use of multiple features is recommended and more reliable.     

Does accessible technology need an ‘entrepreneurial state’? The creation of an EU market of universally designed and assistive technology through state aid

EU State aid law has sought to enable people with disabilities to obtain employment, yet has not been explicitly included in the toolbox of policy options to improve the availability and choice of accessible technology within the EU Internal market. This seems to be the consequence of an inherent bias against State intervention in the market, which is mostly unwelcome since it can limit open and free competition. This also reiterates the ‘less-aid’ policy and the purely economic approach to State aid professed by the European Commission. Against this background, this article discusses the potential for EU State aid policy to foster both ‘design for all’ and innovative assistive devices for people with disabilities. It seeks to argue that the goal of an EU-wide market of accessible technology can be achieved using EU State aid law. In particular, this article aims to highlight that a more targeted use of EU State aid law can lead developers to increase the production of accessible goods, to adjust or reduce prices and to provide consumers with a greater degree of choice in a greater number of marketplaces. Whilst it adopts a legal approach, this analysis relies inter alia on economic evidence and recalls the pamphlet recently published by Mazzuccato, from which the title of this work has drawn inspiration.     

印度市场体系初探

独立以来 ,印度经济有了很大发展 ,其独立的民族市场经济不断发育成长。但总的来看 ,印度的市场经济仍然是一种不发达的市场经济 ,其市场机能的发育尚不成熟 ,也未完全形成发达市场经济所必须的市场体系。本文拟对此进行初步探讨。一、印度市场体系的特征与发达市场经济相比 ,印度市场经济的市场体系具有一些自己的特征 ,印度市场体系的特征是由印度市场经济的不发达状况所决定的。印度市场经济的不发达 ,一是表现为社会生产力的不发达 ,即印度经济还是一种发展中的市场经济。二是表现为自然经济与市场经济并存的二元结构特征。由于农村中以…     

鸭瘟病毒gD基因胞外区的原核表达及ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

为研究分离鉴定的鸭瘟病毒gD基因(GenBank登录号:EU195085)及其编码蛋白的应用,采用PCR方法从鸭瘟病毒CHv毒株DNA中获取编码gD胞外区基因729bp片段,构建重组表达载体pET32a-gD,转化受体菌E.coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达重组gD蛋白。结果显示,该重组蛋白分子质量约为31ku,为gD胞外区与载体6个组氨酸的融合表达产物,与gD胞外区预期大小一致(27.5ku);经离心收集菌体,超声裂解后,SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,gD蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达;将包涵体溶解后进行Ni-NTA亲和层析可较好地纯化重组蛋白。Western-blot检测显示,gD蛋白能与兔抗鸭瘟病毒血清特异结合,具有较好的免疫反应性。利用该蛋白建立了ELISA检测方法,优化了该方法的各个反应条件,并进行了初步应用,为该方法的临床应用奠定了基础。     

猪瘟病毒NS3蛋白的重组表达及其单克隆抗体的制备

以含有猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门株全长cDNA的重组质粒pOKShimen为模板,经PCR扩增获得NS3基因,利用原核表达载体pMAL-c2X、pET32a以及杆状病毒表达载体pFastBacH T B表达CSFV石门株NS3基因,获得3种重组蛋白:MBP-NS3、His-NS3和rNS3。Western-blot分析及间接免疫荧光试验证实,这3种不同载体表达的NS3蛋白均能被猪瘟阳性血清所识别。利用直链淀粉树脂柱对重组蛋白MBP-NS3进行纯化后,用其免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,用间接ELISA筛选,获得2株能稳定传代并分泌针对抗CSFVNS3蛋白单克隆抗体的细胞株,命名为1D10和1H10。Western-blot分析及间接免疫荧光试验结果证明,这2株杂交瘤细胞分泌的单克隆抗体均可识别CSFVNS3蛋白。     

抗鹅细小病毒VP3蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

利用已构建好的pET-30a重组菌E.coli Rosetta(DE3)表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3重组蛋白,经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后作为免疫原,经腹膜腔接种4～6周龄BALB/c小鼠3次,末次免疫后第3d取小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合。用建立的间接ELISA方法进行筛选,经4次亚克隆,最终获得4株能稳定分泌抗GPVVP3单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1F1、2A9、3B11和4A2。亚类鉴定结果显示,单抗1F1为IgG2b亚型,其余3株单抗为IgG1亚型,轻链均为κ链。经间接ELISA检测,单抗1F1、2A9、3B11和4A2的腹水效价分别为1:819200、1:1638400、1:409600和1:819200。Western-blot分析表明,获得的4株单克隆抗体均能特异性识别GPVVP3重组蛋白;间接免疫荧光试验证明,这4株单抗能够与天然GPV结合。     

山羊痘病毒古浪株P32毒力蛋白的结构模拟与分析

以山羊痘病毒(GPV)古浪(Gulang)株的DNA为模板,采用PCR扩增目的基因p32,应用TM-pred软件预测其跨膜结构区域,通过Threading方法建立GPVGulang株P32蛋白的3D结构,并综合亲水性、可塑性、抗原指数以及表面可能性等参数预测其B细胞抗原表位。结果表明,p32在核苷酸水平上非常保守,19株GPVp32基因的整体变异率为0.22%。GPVGulang株P32结构蛋白的三维空间结构有不同的结构区域,共由14个α-螺旋、5个β折叠、35个转角和若干无规则卷曲构成。P32蛋白呈现较规则的空间构象,其中羧基末端第286～306位氨基酸区段为跨膜区域,11～19、21、47、66、123、154、155、183、185、225、230～232、235、238、239这些氨基酸在空间上共同形成的区域极有可能是抗原表位区域。     

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测鲫鱼组织3-甲基喹(噁)啉-2-羧酸残留量

将待测鱼肉和鱼皮匀浆样品经碱水解、液-液萃取后,采用HPLC-TMS方法对其中的3-甲基喹(噁)啉-2-羧酸(MQCA)残留量进行了检测.结果,此方法的最低检测限为1.16μg/kg,市售鲫鱼样品中MQCA的含量低于检测限.结果表明,HPLC-TMC灵敏,易操作,能满足鱼组织内MQCA残留量检测的要求.