价格,要约的有效要件?——解读CISG第14条和第55条

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(CISG)第14条是关于要约构成要件的规定,要求要约内容的确定性必须包含货物、数量和价格三个要素。这与公约第55条推定价格的规定相互矛盾。一项缺乏价格或价格确定方法的要约是否是有效的要约?能否根据第55条进行补救?在判断合同是否成立的问题上,公约第14条与第55条的适用存在争议。     

China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?

China launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China’s 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system’s design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS and in the subsequent design process, seen in relation to domestic drivers. The article investigates policy developments culminating in the 2011 carbon market announcement, and the reasons these design elements were chosen for the pilot schemes and the national market in the period 2011–2017. The article contributes to our understanding of policy diffusion at different stages of policy development in China, by revealing which diffusion mechanism is more prevalent at different stages. We find first that overall domestic conditions and drivers had the most consistent impact on policy decisions to establish a carbon market and on the selected sectors. However, a second key finding is that the role of policy diffusion varied over time, with such diffusion, in the form of ideational impact, playing the most important role early on, providing a powerful inducement for China to go for a carbon market. Third, sophisticated learning from international projects took place in the pilots, allowing China to adapt policies and design features to match local conditions.     

How to Achieve a More Resource‐Efficient and Climate‐Neutral Energy System by 2030? Views of Nordic Stakeholders

The Nordic countries pursue ambitious energy transition goals through national energy policies and in the framework of Nordic cooperation. We propose that the transition is realistic only if it involves the public, private, and nongovernmental organization sectors as regulators, innovators, and advocates of relevant policies and solutions representing the multitude of interests involved. We examine these interests through Q methodological experiments, where 43 expert stakeholders’ rank‐order statements concerning their preferred policy measures vis‐à‐vis the electric energy system. Factor analysis of these subjectively held views produces three distinct views. The first two enjoy strong inter‐Nordic support. The first view prioritizes market and grid development, and the second view prioritizes electric transport, and solar and wind power. The third, “Finnish” view seeks to enhance security of supply, also via microgrids, and prioritizes biofuels over electric transport. Examining the common ground among the three views, we find that enhanced cooperation requires reinforced stakeholder interaction and policy coordination.     

从政治视角理解把握十九届五中全会的精神品质与要义

党的十九届五中全会提出并讨论通过了国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二○三五年远景目标,这是富于强烈政治制度色彩以及持续性极强的国家治理方式和举措,是党的政治领导与思想指导反映于国家经济社会发展领域的重要制度安排,是中央政府宏观指导地方与地方党委政府了解把握全局的结合点和切入点,是引导社会与凝聚民心士气的有效方式和重...     

“ 十四五” 时期我国粮食安全保障问题研究

当前我国粮食安全面临着诸如粮食生产动力不足，粮食供需结构失衡，资源环 境压力过大，粮食产业竞争力不强和生产效益较低等问题，给国家经济社会稳定带来了一定 的隐患。“十四五”时期还需继续贯彻落实新发展理念，在复杂的发展形势下不断完善已有的粮食安全保障体系，为“十四五”时期乃至未来国内经济社会可持续发展提供保证。具体应以创新的理念突破粮食生产瓶颈，以协调的理念化解粮食结构矛盾，以绿色的理念缓解资源和环境压力，以开放的理念防范国际粮食贸易风险，以共享的理念提高粮食生产整体效益，共同提高我国粮食安全保障能力。     

The Political Viability of Carbon Pricing: Policy Design and Framing in British Columbia and California

The adoption of climate policies with visible, substantial costs for households is uncommon because of expected political backlash, but British Columbia's carbon tax and California's cap‐and‐trade program imposed such costs and still survived vigorous opposition. To explain these outcomes, this article tests hypotheses concerning policy design, framing, energy prices, and elections. It conducts universalizing and variation‐finding comparisons across three subcases in the two jurisdictions and uses primary sources to carry out process tracing involving mechanisms of public opinion and elite position‐taking. The article finds strong support for the timing of independent energy price changes, exogenous causes of election results, reducing the visibility of carbon pricing, and using public‐benefit justifications, as well as some support for making concessions to voters. By contrast, the effects of the use of revenue, industry exemptions/compensations, and making polluters pay are not uniform, because the effects of revenue use depend on how it is embedded in coalition building efforts and a middle path between exempting or compensating industry and burdening it appears to be more effective than pursuing just one or the other approach.     

“十四五”时期中国区域发展格局变化趋势及政策展望

中国区域发展的典型事实表明改革开放以来中国经济空间格局的均衡性逐步提升,区域发展差距日益缩小,区域协调发展机制更加完善,同时大规模劳动力流动也重塑了区域比较优势,城市群和区域性大城市成为主要经济空间载体,但当前也存在区域发展分化引起的人口集聚空间失衡、部分省份“去工业化”和经济结构“服务业化”的产业空间不匹配问题,还面临日益频繁的外部冲击挑战。为促进高质量区域协调发展,“十四五”时期中国应立足要素集聚的客观规律,统筹好区域发展和人的发展,强化城市功能分工,引导劳动力就业空间均衡化,推进城市群和都市圈建设,培育新的区域增长空间,不断完善国内生产网络和壮大国内消费市场,促进国内国际市场双循环,增强区域发展韧性和内生动力。     

嫖宿幼女罪保护法益的正本清源——兼谈嫖宿幼女罪未来的修法方向

嫖宿幼女罪保护的并非"社会善良风俗"、"保护幼女"的社会观念或者"禁止卖淫嫖娼"的社会管理秩序等社会法益,也不宜界定为"身心健康"或者"健全人格养成"等个人法益。从本罪应然的立法目的考量,应当将其保护的法益界定为"性生理、心理的健全成长权",而且,嫖宿幼女这一客观的行为模式也不足以导致对其需要单独制罪,因此,应当将本罪回归由奸淫幼女型强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪进行规制,同时考虑到新旧法之间的衔接以及幼女卖淫的特殊动态,建议在强奸罪和猥亵儿童罪中增设对嫖宿幼女行为的相应规定。     

On‐Bill Financing Programs to Support Low‐Carbon Energy Technologies: An Agent‐Oriented Assessment

On‐bill financing (OBF) schemes have been welcomed as innovative mechanisms for encouraging the adoption of low‐carbon energy technologies. Yet while the potential effects of these schemes have received growing attention, less is known about their actual performance. Departing from New Institutional Economics and insights from Behavioral Economics, this theory‐driven assessment examines the How$mart^® program in Kansas (United States) and the Green Deal in the United Kingdom. The study identifies the mechanisms designed to trigger behavioral change and technology adoption. We focus on market agents, and related market failures and behavioral anomalies that often prevent energy efficiency improvements. The paper adds to our theoretical and empirical understanding of public and utility‐driven OBF programs applied to the residential sector. Our findings suggest that simple, carefully designed on‐bill programs, where the financing of efficient technologies takes the form of a service rather than a loan, are more effective for the diffusion of low‐carbon energy technology and the reduction of transaction costs. At the same time, on bill‐financing schemes challenge the core business of utilities, and given the complexities and dynamics of energy efficiency markets and energy use, other policy interventions are needed.