Taking the bait: interrogation questions about hypothetical evidence may inflate perceptions of guilt

ABSTRACT

During suspect interviews, police will sometimes ask about hypothetical incriminating evidence to evoke a cue to deception – a technique known as a bait question. Previous research has demonstrated such questions can distort peoples’ memory for what evidence exists in a case. Here, we investigate whether such memory distortion can also cause people to see the suspect as more likely to be guilty. Across three experiments, we find exposure to bait questions led to participants hold inflated views of a suspect’s guilt. Further, we demonstrate bait questions cause reliable, robust memory distortion, leading participants to believe non-existent, incriminating evidence exists. However, we found no evidence to support the speculated mechanisms for this inflation – namely, (1) that source monitoring errors could lead people to misremember false evidence as real evidence and (2) that bait questions provide ‘key evidence’ to fill in the gaps of an incomplete theory of a case. In sum, bait questions have the problematic potential to shift jurors towards guilty verdicts. We suggest future research directions on bait questions, including the need for different designs to clarify why bait questions inflate guilt, and recommend practitioners avoid the use of bait questions.     

基于似然率方法的语音证据评价

法庭话者识别技术引入我国已有二十多年,目前该技术已经广泛应用于各类刑事和民事案件中。纵观世界各国的法庭证据评价体系,除了DNA证据以外,其他证据检验鉴定结论的表述通常有三种:同一认定、否定排除和倾向性意见。简单肯定和否定的结论存在很大的弊端,即过高估计了证据的力度,因而有时可能会造成错案。鉴于此,国外一些学者提出在鉴定结论的表述和价值评判上引入基于贝叶斯理论的"似然率"方法。本文结合目前的法庭话者鉴别方法,重点介绍基于贝叶斯理论下的"似然率"理论体系,并阐明该方法的优越性、局限性以及一些亟待解决的问题。     

外来的新文学——以晚年周作人与香港文学的关系为例

晚年周作人与香港文学之间所发生的关系,可以说明在近20年来关于香港文学、南来作家研究以及几种不同取向的香港文学史书写中,几种价值取向迥然不同的香港文学史的书写背后所共享的是同样“外来”的新文学观念,而在不同的地域文学书写及其对某种身份认同的建构过程中,那些“当然”的问题预设、知识阈限和思想方法上二元对立的“中心”与“去中心”观念,合谋了我们今天的困境。     

欧盟职业资格认证体系改革及其对东北亚区域劳动力合作的启示

劳动力在地区之间的流动存在许多障碍,缺乏对知识、技能和职业资格的统一评价标准劳动力的自由流动将尤为困难。2002年,欧盟开始实施对职业资格认证体系的改革,新的欧盟职业资格认证系统包含三个子认证体系:职业资格认证的一般体系、以工作经验作为证明的自动的资格认证体系、特殊行业的自动职业认证体系。欧盟职业资格认证体系改革的目的是保证劳动力的自由流动,这对东北亚地区劳动力合作提供了可以借鉴的范例。     

新形势下对公安宣传工作的新认识

公安宣传工作是公安工作的重要组成部分,关系到公安工作和队伍建设的全局。根据当前公安宣传工作面临的新形势,分析公安宣传工作存在的问题,探寻公安宣传工作新思路和对策,以树立良好的警察形象。     

隐喻简述

关于隐喻的定义及理论不同学派一直存在着之间争论,隐喻的类型依近来的研究成果可分为三类,隐喻的辩认可依据某些标志予以进行。在隐喻意义的产生过程中,语义差异、互动、相似性至为重要。     

Surrogacy,Identity, Parentage and Childrenʼs Rights – Through the Eyes of a Child

In this article I will focus on two important aspects of children's rights which are impacted by artificial reproductive technology (particularly surrogacy); being the rights to identity and the rights to legal parentage. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child acknowledges the importance of a child's right to identity, to be protected from discrimination on the basis of the status or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians or family members. For many children born through surrogacy arrangements, they may have only one or no legally recognized parent. The adults caring for them may have parental responsibility orders but this falls well short of providing children with the benefits and protections that legal parentage does. The issue of identity can be complex. Increasingly, states have recognized the importance of children knowing the circumstances of their birth and being able to access biological and genetic information including medical information. From a child's perspective the issues of identity and parenthood are intertwined. Given the importance of identity, more needs to be done to ensure that identifying information about children born as a result of artificial reproductive technology is properly stored and readily accessible for these children. Denying a child legal parentage when there are no concerns about the care being provided by their parents cannot be justified when considered from a children's rights perspective.     

英国法院在承认和执行外国仲裁裁决时的自由裁量权——“Dallah Real Estate and Tourism Holding Company v.The Ministry of Religious Affairs,Government of Pakistan”案评述

通过评述英国上诉法院作出的＂Dallah Real Estate and Tourism Holding Company v.The Ministry of Religious Affairs,Government of Pakistan＂判例,分析英国法院在承认与执行外国仲裁裁决时的自由裁量权行使之条件,并提出该判例可为《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》缔约国提供参考。     

Anti-forensic resilient memory acquisition

Memory analysis has gained popularity in recent years proving to be an effective technique for uncovering malware in compromised computer systems. The process of memory acquisition presents unique evidentiary challenges since many acquisition techniques require code to be run on a potential compromised system, presenting an avenue for anti-forensic subversion. In this paper, we examine a number of simple anti-forensic techniques and test a representative sample of current commercial and free memory acquisition tools. We find that current tools are not resilient to very simple anti-forensic measures. We present a novel memory acquisition technique, based on direct page table manipulation and PCI hardware introspection, without relying on operating system facilities - making it more difficult to subvert. We then evaluate this technique's further vulnerability to subversion by considering more advanced anti-forensic attacks.     

高层次专业人才队伍建设探析——以吉林省为例

在各种社会资源中,高层次专业人才资源是促进经济社会发展的重要推动力,他们既能影响一个企业的生存和发展,也能影响一个国家社会发展的速度及其在世界舞台上的地位和尊严。因此,加强吉林省高层次专业人才队伍建设,应以科学发展观为先导,以更新的理念、更活的政策、更优惠的政策、高效率的为高层次专业人才服务。