女性就业困难与城镇女性犯罪

女性就业困难是我国就业困难问题的一个侧面。因性别原因,女性就业困难的特殊性主要表现为就业率相对较低,就业质量差,再就业难。由于就业困难会给女性带来巨大的生存压力、心理压力和社会压力,从而成为城镇女性犯罪的一个重要诱因。     

正义的守护神抑或惟利是图者--再论律师的任务

律师既不同于法官,也不同于纯粹的商人,律师的任务是维护委托人的合法权益与维护法律正确实施的统一.我国律师任务定位整体上有过分追逐金钱的不良倾向,使律师业发展偏离正确的轨道.必须通过树立正确的任务观,拓宽律师从政的渠道,引导律师自律,加强对律师业的监管,使我国律师业健康发展.     

Female genital mutilation: implications for female sexuality

The purpose of this study was to find out how female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, affects the sexuality of female students at Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. A 20-item questionnaire was developed by the investigators and administered to 400 respondents using a variety of sampling techniques. The study found that the students who were circumcised favored circumcision more than those who were not circumcised. It also found out that being circumcised did not lead to early sexual experience. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that campaigning against female genital mutilation should be waged against those women who are already circumcised and women with low level of education.     

家庭依附、人力资本与女性青年的劳动参与——来自湖北省的数据

本文以2009年湖北省4442份城乡居民抽样调查数据为样本,采用计量经济学的方法,实证分析了家庭依附和人力资本对青年女性劳动力劳动参与的影响,并就我国女性劳动参与决策影响因素做了城乡对比分析。研究发现,女性的人力资本和家庭依附因素对城乡女性的劳动参与有着显著的影响,但是其劳动参与决定存在着城乡差异。在劳动参与方面,农村女性的家庭依附性较之城市女性更强一些,而人力资本变量对城市女性劳动参与的影响更大,年龄、文化程度、迁移以及工作流动性都对城市女性劳动参与影响显著。我国城乡女性劳动参与一年龄曲线呈M型,有着明显的阶段性就业特征。     

Delinquent Girls Grown Up: Young Adult Offending Patterns and Their Relation to Early Legal, Individual, and Family Risk

Although the number of girls served by the juvenile justice system has grown dramatically, little is known about the adult offending patterns of delinquent girls and the factors associated with their persistence and desistance from adult crime. To address this gap, we prospectively track 499 girls (62% Black, 16% Hispanic) discharged from juvenile justice facilities in the early 1990s and document their adult arrests, convictions, and incarcerations between the ages of 16–28. Trajectory analysis reveals four distinct early adult offending paths: Rare/Non-Offending (RN), Low Chronic (LC), Low-Rising (LR), and High Chronic (HC). Girls assigned to the LR and LC path are responsible for a disproportionate amount of adult arrests and are more likely than girls on the RN and LC path to come from homes characterized by high levels of family dysfunction and child maltreatment. Adoption of a therapeutic, trauma-sensitive and family-centered approach to female delinquency programming is recommended.

The relationship between adverse childhood experiences,coping using sex,and adult sexual coercion in non-incarcerated,community-based females

ABSTRACT

Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with negative outcomes in adulthood, including sexual offending. Using a cross-sectional design, we investigated whether self-reported adverse childhood experiences related to the perpetration of coercive sexual acts among 250 females recruited from the community. Furthermore, we examined whether sexualised coping mediated any potential relationship between childhood experiences and sexual coercion. A Spearman’s rank order correlation revealed no relationship between adverse childhood experiences and sexual coercion. However, adverse childhood experiences were significantly correlated with sexualised coping, which in turn was correlated with sexual coercion. Additionally, there was a significant but small indirect effect of adverse childhood experiences on sexual coercion through sexualised coping. Findings may help researchers to better understand the causal relationship between childhood experiences, sexual coping, and sexual coercion in females.     

Female education and full-time employment in Guinea: an ambiguous relationship

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the direct and indirect effects of female education on full-time labour market employment using Guinean demographic and health surveys. It addresses potential endogeneity of female education, unobserved heterogeneity and sample selectivity concerns using the control function model and a non-self-cluster identification strategy. Results show that female education has a diminishing direct effect on full-time employment, with the inverted-U-shaped relationship portraying that women with seven-plus years of schooling are less likely to be regularly employed than their counterparts with less years of schooling. Interacting female education and its square with the corresponding reduced form residuals increase the probability of full-time labour market employment – an indication that female education and unobserved correlates are complementary. Thus, highly educated Guinea women do not increase their full-time market engagements – a pointer of the importance they may be attributing to home-produced goods and services that push them to perhaps prefer flexi-work arrangements such as occasional or seasonal market engagements.     

谈加强命案侦查能力的建设——以新律师法实施为视角

新律师法突破了刑事诉讼法的有关规定,提高了律师参与刑事诉讼的可操作性、增强了律师在命案的刑事诉讼中对公安司法机关的制衡力。在命案侦查模式、侦查规范化、办案质量、讯问取证等方面带来新问题,对公安机关而言,迎来了命案侦查工作新的发展机遇与严峻挑战并存的关键时期,加强公安机关命案侦查能力建设是解决这些问题的关键和突破口。     

Female representation and electoral clientelism: New insights from South African municipal electionss

Do citizens experience less electoral clientelism in polities with more elected female representatives? The current literature is remarkably silent on the role of gender and female political representation for electoral clientelism. Due to gender differences in issue priorities, targeted constituent groups, networks and resources, we argue that voters experience less clientelism in municipalities with a higher proportion of female politicians because either female politicians are likely to engage less in clientelism or women are less likely to be viable candidates in more clientelist settings. Through either mechanism, we expect all voters – and female voters in particular – to experience less exposure to clientelism in municipalities with higher female representation. We examine this idea using survey data from the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa – a country with high levels of female representation in politics but increasing problems of corruption and patronage in the political system. Our findings are consistent with the argument that municipalities with more elected female councilors have considerably lower rates of electoral clientelism and that this mostly affects whether female voters are targeted by clientelist distribution. These findings shed new light on how women's representation in elected political office shapes the incidence and use of clientelist distribution during elections.     

美国女犯矫正制度研究

美国监狱中关押罪犯的数量位居全球之首,监狱中女犯的数量同样庞大。女犯矫正制度成为美国矫正制度的重要组成部分。由于女犯的特殊性,在矫正制度上与男性罪犯有一定的差别,有一定的女性特色,有些做法值得我们借鉴。但是美国女犯矫正制度存在很多问题,结果导致女性罪犯释放后重新犯罪率较高,矫正效果很不理想。