构建灭火救援扁平化指挥体系的几点构想

为适应新时期复杂形势的需要,提高消防部队灭火救援作战能力,本文以传统指挥方式与扁平化指挥方式对比入手,阐述灭火救援扁平化指挥的相关概念,并以加强扁平化指挥的两“点”和一“线”建设为基础,探讨如何建立灭火救援扁平化指挥体系。     

论讯问策略在消防刑事案件预审中的应用

调查讯问是消防刑事案件的主要工作内容,通过讯问可以查明火灾原因及认定火灾责任。如何开展好讯问工作的关键在于采用行之有效的讯问策略,本文从分析犯罪嫌疑人不同阶段的心理状态、行为表征人手,研究探讨了针对犯罪嫌疑人不同的心理特征,采取相应的讯问策略以及讯问中出示证据等问题。     

浅谈农村火灾预防工作的现状及其对策

本文以我省平凉农村消防工作的现状为切入点,针对性地提出了预防农村火灾发生的消防措施。     

电力系统电气火灾探究

电气火灾发生的客观原因 :一是冬季天干物燥 ,风力较大 ,昼短夜长 ,电力负荷增大。二是夏季雨多雷多 ,气候变化大 ,环境温度高。主观原因是 :电气设计、施工、安装质量差、防火设施不健全 ;消防管理不完善 ;值班人员玩忽职守。预防对策一是加强消防安全的监督与管理 ;二是加强消防安全检查 ;三是加强消防安全知识的培训与宣传。     

Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis

One of the aims of fire investigations is to identify associations among accelerants according to their source. In this study, 50 gasoline samples--representing five brands--were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemometric procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied to a data matrix obtained by the target compound chromatogram method, to discriminate samples according to their brand. PCA was successful in finding a natural grouping of samples according to their brand, suggesting that aromatic compounds were more useful than aliphatics for the purpose of this study. DA, if applied to aromatic compounds, gave both a classification ability and a prediction ability of 100%. The outstanding results obtained by this work provide the basis of a data matrix that could be used in real cases of arson to link a sample of unevaporated gasoline to its brand or refinery.     

Metallographic analysis and fire dynamics simulation for electrical fire scene reconstruction

This study demonstrated the use of metallographic analysis and NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) program to identify the cause of an actual electrical fire. A severely carbonized steel plate and a cable with a bead were found inside a damaged switchboard from the debris of a factory fire. By metallographic analysis, the copper spatter on the steel plate was found to imply a short circuit has occurred and that this was the probable ignition source of the fire was supported by the presence of a small amount of copper oxide and by the cavities with the tree-like grain microstructures in the bead. The heat estimated to have been released per unit area of the switchboard in question (approximately 236.29 MJ/m(2)) served as key input data for applying the FDS simulation of the blaze. The simulation indicated that thermal insulation polyethylene (PE) played an important role in the rapid fire spread.     

Comparison of new Ampac bags and FireDebrisPAK® bags as packaging for fire debris analysis

Abstract: The FireDebrisPAK^® bags that were produced by Kapak were considered to be one of the best containers for fire debris. Kapak bags were discontinued; however, from July 2010, Ampac is offering a new packaging material. The aim of the presented research was to compare the properties (durability, background interferences, and permeability) of Kapak bags and packaging material offered by Ampac. The analysis was conducted by passive adsorption from the headspace with subsequent thermal desorption and analysis by GC‐MS. The results proved that the properties of the compared materials are similar. Their greatest advantage is that they are impermeable for components of flammable liquids, so there is no danger of losing analytes or cross‐contamination. Their one significant drawback is that they should not be exposed to temperatures above 80°C. At this temperature, they become soft, their inner layer is compromised (becomes sticky), and they emit some volatile organic compounds. Among them, there are compounds that constitute the components of some of flammable liquids.     

行政生态环境的变迁与消防治理模式的改进——行政生态理论视域中的消防改革与发展

在我国经济社会转型全面加速、消防行政环境发生全方位变革的背景下,借鉴行政生态学的理论来分析行政生态环境的变迁对传统消防行政的挑战,探索与新的行政生态环境相适应的消防治理模式,具有现实意义。     

Total Ion Spectra versus Segmented Total Ion Spectra as Preprocessing Tools for Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Data

Alignment of fire debris data from GC‐MS for chemometric analysis is challenged by highly variable, uncontrolled sample and matrix composition. The total ion spectrum (TIS) obviates the need for alignment but loses all separation information. We introduce the segmented total ion spectrum (STIS), which retains the advantages of TIS while retaining some retention information. We compare the performance of STIS with TIS for the classification of casework fire debris samples. TIS and STIS achieve good model prediction accuracies of 96% and 98%, respectively. Baseline removal improved model prediction accuracies for both TIS and STIS to 97% and 99%, respectively. The importance of maintaining some chromatographic information to aid in deciphering the underlying chemistry of the results and reasons for false positive/negative results was also examined.