A New Kind of Molotov? Gasoline–Pool Chlorinator Mixtures*

This paper investigates the reaction between pool chlorinators and gasoline. In particular, the propensity for self-ignition and the resulting chemical products were studied. An organic pool chlorinator was combined with gasoline in varying proportions in an attempt to form a hypergolic mixture. None of the combinations resulted in self-ignition, but larger quantities of chlorinator produced vigorous light-colored smoke and a solid mass containing isocyanuric acid and copper chloride. Additionally, the chlorinating abilities of different commercially available pool chlorinators were explored. When Ca(ClO)(2) and sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinators were used, the presence of gasoline was still visible after 10 days, despite limited chlorination. The trichloro-s-triazinetrione-based chlorinator, however, caused efficient chlorination of the C(2)- and C(3)-alkylbenzenes, making gasoline no longer identifiable.     

Preparation of pyrolysis reference samples: evaluation of a standard method using a tube furnace

A new, simple method for the reproducible creation of pyrolysis products from different materials that may be found at a fire scene is described. A temperature programmable steady-state tube furnace was used to generate pyrolysis products from different substrates, including softwoods, paper, vinyl sheet flooring, and carpet. The temperature profile of the tube furnace was characterized, and the suitability of the method to reproducibly create pyrolysates similar to those found in real fire debris was assessed. The use of this method to create proficiency tests to realistically test an examiner's ability to interpret complex gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric fire debris data, and to create a library of pyrolsates generated from materials commonly found at a fire scene, is demonstrated.     

清末警务学堂消防队：警察教育与警务实践有效结合的历史个案

清末北京警务学堂消防队,既是学堂内的警察教育对象,同时又是一支经常参与警务实践的实战队伍,其将教育、实践紧密结合的有效机制,充分体现了警察教育的特殊规律,值得后人借鉴。     

从“成都6·5公交车起火案”看危爆物品的安全防范

公交车起火爆炸，是指使用中的公交车因车况不佳、保养不善、乘客过失携带危爆品或他人故意为了达到一定目的而引起的公交车车厢内的燃烧和爆炸的一种法律事实。其主要因素有：一是犯罪嫌疑人不健全的人格；二是社会不良因素的刺激和影响；三是经费不足，车况不良：四是危爆品的本质属性，如杀伤力大、价格低廉、容易操作等。要做好公交车的安防工作，其一，要安装智能危爆品的安全检查系统：其二，加大违法违规行为的处罚力度；其三，加强社会公众的安全教育，提高防范意识；其四，公安机关要协同其他部门做好防范的基础工作，加大经费投入，加强对弱势群体的帮助，减少不安定的因素。     

新《消防法》发展问题研究

消防安全工作直接关系对人民生命财产的保护,关系到经济建设和改革发展。随着我国社会经济持续高速发展,消防工作面临严峻考验。我国2009年修订《消防法》,着眼于加大火灾隐患整治力度和有效扑救火灾,加重对违法单位的惩处力度,增强了《消防法》的可执行性、可操作性。但在安全隐患预防、消防执法、违法惩处等方面的可执行性仍亟待加强和完善。为了有效保障人民生命财产安全,有必要关注新《消防法》发展中存在的问题,着力完善相关立法。     

消防监督执法工作转变及对策建议

新《消防法》对消防监督执法工作进行了改革，确定了单位的消防安全责任人和单位的法定消防职责、改革了消防监督管理制度、规定了建筑消防审核实行建设工程消防备案抽查制度等7个方面。要加强消防监督执法工作，应切实改革消防行政审批制度、健全消防社会责任体系、加强消防监督执法人员的业务培训学习和规范消防监督执法行为。     

The effect of microbial degradation on the chromatographic profiles of tiki torch fuel, lamp oil, and turpentine

Biodegradation can result in selective removal of many of the compounds required for the identification of an ignitable liquid. In this study, the effects of microbial degradation on tiki torch fuel, lamp oil, and turpentine are reported. Samples of soil spiked with 20 μL of the liquids were stored at room temperature for up to 7 days. The ignitable liquids were then recovered using passive headspace concentration onto charcoal strips followed by solvent elution using pentane. Microbial degradation of tiki torch fuel resulted in the loss of the n-alkanes relative to the branched alkanes. Changes in the profile of the lamp oil were minor due to the highly branched nature of its alkanes. Microbial degradation of turpentine resulted in the selective loss of limonene and o-cymene. Overall, significant degradation by microbial action could result in the inability to identify the presence of an ignitable liquid or misclassify the ignitable liquid found.     

Public Sector Risk Financing: Exploring the Potential Use of Weather Derivatives by Fire and Rescue Services

The floods of 2007, experienced across much of England, resulted in local authority organisations, including Fire and Rescue Services, mounting large-scale responses and incurring additional and unexpected expenditure. Although central government activated funding schemes, some local authorities fell below the thresholds set and had to absorb the additional costs. This raised a question of what alternative methods were available to allow these local authority organisations to finance such unexpected costs. Weather derivatives are widely used in certain sectors to manage the financial risk that arises from undesirable weather conditions and the objective of this research is to explore the reactions of an FRS towards the use of these financial instruments in managing additional costs, such as those arising from the 2007 floods. Our findings suggest that a combination of risk-aversion, lack of specific financial knowledge and comfort with the status quo seem set to stifle development of weather derivatives as an innovation in public sector risk financing. However, this exploratory study suggests that the method has some merit and is at least worthy of further examination.     

The use of liquid latex as a pre-treatment to recover debris-covered latent fingerprints from exterior surfaces of vehicles

This study evaluated the effectiveness of using liquid latex as a pre-treatment for fingerprint recovery from the exterior surfaces of vehicles in summer. The sample of this study was 540 sebaceous latent fingerprints deposited on the lower body of three vehicles. Thirty control and thirty experimental fingerprints were deposited on each vehicle, and the experiment was repeated three times. The three vehicles were driven daily for either 2, 3, or 4 weeks after the deposition of fingerprints. After the vehicles reached their designated debris accumulation duration, the latent fingerprints in the control groups were developed with black fingerprint powder. Liquid latex was applied onto the fingerprints in the experimental groups, and they were subsequently developed with black fingerprint powder. A chi-sure test indicated that there was a significant difference in fingerprints recovery performance between two methods (X² = 4.903, d.f. = 1, p = 0.027). An odds ratio test indicated the control method increases the probability of fingerprint recovery by 1.54 times. A Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the quality of fingerprints recovered from both methods and it indicated that there is no significant difference in quality using the two methods (p = 0.058). This study indicated that the traditional fingerprint powder method performed better for fingerprint recovery from exterior surfaces of vehicles in summer.     

ATD—GC—MS法测定火场样品中痕量汽油燃烧残留物

目的为火场样品中痕量汽油残留物的检测建立一种简便、高灵敏度的检验方法和可靠的检验结果评判方法。方法用TenaxTA吸附管吸附富集火场样品中的汽油成分,然后用ATD—GC—MS法自动解吸和检测。通过模拟燃烧实验,探讨了检验结果的评判方法：根据样品的m／z（57＋85）、m/z（91＋105＋119）、m／z（117＋131）和m/z（128＋142＋156）四个质量色谱图与已知汽油作比较来对检验结果作评判。结果6组模拟燃烧实验中凡有汽油作助燃剂的样品．均检出汽油残留物成分。结论所建立的方法具有操作简便,检测灵敏度高,杂质干扰少,定性结论准确可靠等特点。可用于实际火场样品中痕量汽油残留物的检测。