火器伤损伤程度的法医学鉴定(附63例报告)

目的　探讨火器损伤的致伤特点及活体损伤程度鉴定的有关问题。方法　 6 3例火器损伤主要按火器枪弹种类及数量分为四组 ,Ⅰ组 :霰弹损伤 ;Ⅱ组 :气枪损伤 ;Ⅲ组 :军用枪损伤 ;Ⅳ组 :射钉枪与爆炸损伤 ,对其进行前瞻与回顾性分析总结。结果　Ⅰ组损伤多见于斗殴 ,损伤部位以四肢部多见 ,异物存留、损伤程度明显高于其它各组 ;Ⅱ组损伤多见意外 ,不易造成异物存留 ;损伤程度轻于其它各组 ;Ⅲ组损伤多见抢劫与杀人 ,损伤部位多见头部 ;Ⅳ组损伤较少见仅占 7 92 %,不是本文讨论的重点。四组损伤合并脏器、神经血管损伤及骨折 33例 ,占 5 2 38%,构成重伤、轻伤 5 0例 ,占 79 37%。结论　火器损伤程度较重 ,致伤机理有其自身特点 ,现行损伤程度鉴定标准对其体现不够 ,值得法医同仁加以重视。     

Secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues: Empirical data to assist the evaluation of three scenarios

The present study aimed at providing data to assess the secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues (OGSR). Three scenarios were evaluated in controlled conditions, namely displacing a firearm from point A to point B, a simple handshake and an arrest involving handcuffing on the ground. Specimens were collected from the firearm, the hands of the shooter and the non-shooter undergoing the secondary transfer in order to compare the amounts detected.Secondary transfer was observed for the three scenarios, but to a different extent. It was found that displacing a firearm resulted in secondary transfer in <50% of the experiments. The firearm also had an influence, as contrary to the pistol, no secondary OGSR were detected using the revolver. Shaking the hand of the shooter also transferred OGSR to the non-shooter's hand. In that case, the amount of OGSR was generally higher on the shooter than on the non-shooter. Finally, the largest secondary transfer was observed after the arrest with handcuffing with positive results in all cases using the pistol. In that scenario, the amounts on the shooter and the non-shooter were in the same range.This study highlights that the secondary transfer must be taken into account in the interpretation of OGSR. Indeed, an individual's hands might be contaminated by handling a firearm or having physical contact with a shooter.     

英国的授权持枪警察制度

英国为兼顾打击犯罪与保障人权的双重需要,建立了授权持枪警察制度。该制度通过严格的选拔程序、全面的培训和常规的认证管理,提高授权持枪警察的专业素质;同时,立法和警察政策明确规定了配发、使用枪支的条件和授权控制制度,有效地防范警察枪支使用权的滥用。     

“抢劫致人死亡”研究

"抢劫致人死亡",是抢劫罪法定刑升格条件之一,由于涉及到行为人的生命健康安全,司法机关不得不慎重认定"致人死亡"的结果是否可归咎于行为人实施的抢劫行为。要解决好抢劫致人死亡行为具体认定,必须要先解决好行为人对死亡结果的罪过形式、抢劫行为与死亡结果之间的因果关系和致人死亡中"人"的范围。只有做到这样,才能具体认定"抢劫致人死亡"情形。     

WHERE OFFENDERS CHOOSE TO ATTACK: A DISCRETE CHOICE MODEL OF ROBBERIES IN CHICAGO*

Why do robbers choose a particular area to commit an offense? Do they rob close to home? Do they search for areas with suitable and attractive targets? What keeps them away from certain areas? To answer these questions, a model is developed of how robbers choose target areas. The model draws on various theoretical and empirical traditions, which include environmental criminology, journey to crime research, gang research, and social disorganization theory. Testing the model on cleared robbery cases in Chicago in the years 1996–1998, we demonstrate that robbery location choice is related to characteristics of target areas, to areas where offenders live, to joint characteristics of the resident and target areas, and to characteristics of the offenders themselves. The presence of illegal markets and other crime generators and crime attractors make areas attractive for robbers, whereas collective efficacy seems to keep them out. Distance as well as racial and ethnic segregation restrict the mobility of offenders.     

转化型抢劫罪成立的条件

转化型抢劫是抢劫的一种特殊类型。我国刑法把转化型抢劫罪的前行为规定为“犯盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪” ,有必要予以修改 ,但在未修改前 ,只能理解为是指构成犯罪的情形。作为转化型抢劫罪 ,行为人必须实施盗窃、诈骗、抢夺行为 ,并以非法占有为目的 ,为窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证而当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁的 ,暴力、胁迫必须达到一定严重程度方能以抢劫罪论处     

Crime patterns and their relation to subjective social stress and support indicators: The role of gender

This study investigated the relationship between the subjective perception of stress and support in the population (as independent variables) and the prevalence of homicide, robbery, and property offenses in society, while controlling for the effect of gender, i.e., how these crimes are related to the differential perception of stress and support among males and females. The theoretical framework is provided by a stress-support model which postulates that crime in society will be positively related to stress factors and negatively related to support systems. Eight stress indicators and four support (solidarity) indicators were included. The data regarding these indicators were derived from continuing surveys of representative samples of the urban population in Israel during the years 1967–1979. The theoretical model was supported by the findings, especially those relating to property offenses. The effects of the female indicators were strongest (and greater than those of males) with regard to property offenses. The regression coefficients of the female indicators were also consistently larger than those of males, indicating that women's perceptions of stress are better predictors of crime rates than those of males. The results are compared to those of previous studies and suggestions are made for future studies in this new line of criminological research.     

论盗抢赃物适用善意取得制度的必要性和可行性

随着市场经济的发展,市场交易越来越频繁,交易安全已然成为了民法所保护的重点。而善意取得制度就是在这种大环境下应运而生。其中对于盗抢赃物是否应该适用善意取得制度一直是理论界和司法界所争议的问题。在《物权法》出台之前,我国的物权法草案中,曾经试图将盗抢赃物在市场中流转后的归属问题加以规定,但是在正式的《物权法》颁布后却删除了这一规定,我国《物权法》回避了这一问题。但是回避不代表不存在,相反,这一问题已经普遍的出现在人们的日常生活中。我国传统理论和司法实践都认为盗抢赃物是不适用善意取得的,因为这种理论产生于一个重视静态安全保护的社会环境下,而现在社会发展日新月异,而法律是以社会为基础的,显然这种理论已经不适用现在的社会环境了。而就外部的物理性质而言,盗抢赃物和普通的商品没有区别,而法律不强人所难,不能要求人们在购买商品的同时去鉴别商品,这些问题都需要在立法和司法实践中不断完善。     

论抢劫过程中的故意杀人如何定性

对于抢劫过程中的故意杀人行为如何定性的解释可谓众说纷纭，莫衷一是。笔者赞成主流学说和最高人民法院的司法解释，认为只有这样才能避免司法实践的混乱。