抢劫罪理论研究六十年

建国60年来,刑法学界对于我国实践中常见多发的抢劫犯罪进行了卓有建树的研究。研究历程大致可以分为如下三个阶段：第一阶段是新中国成立后至1979年刑法典颁布之前;第二阶段是自1979年刑法典的颁布至1997年刑法典的出台;第三阶段是1997年刑法典出台至今。研究的主要内容包括：典型抢劫罪的基本犯形态的客观特征、典型抢劫罪的加重形态、“携带凶器抢夺”的认定、转化型抢劫的认定、“聚众打砸抢”以抢劫罪认定的理解、抢劫罪的对象、抢劫罪的既遂与未遂的区分、抢劫罪的刑罚配置等。这些研究,对于丰富抢劫罪的刑法理论、指导司法实践均起到了积极的作用。     

An investigation on the secondary transfer of organic gunshot residues

Gunshot residues (GSR) are an important forensic trace in firearm-related events. Currently, routine GSR analyses focus on the detection and characterisation of the inorganic components (IGSR). The increasing prevalence of heavy metal-free ammunition challenges these current protocols and there is an increasing interest in how the organic components of GSR (OGSR) can provide complementary information. Similar to the situation with IGSR, OGSR compounds originally deposited on the shooter during the firing process may further be transferred onto another individual or surface. Hence, the aim of this study was to provide additional information regarding the risk of a secondary transfer of OGSR. Two scenarios were investigated, the first one related to the arrest process and the possibilities of a secondary transfer arising between a shooter onto a non-shooter (e.g. between a police officer and a person of interest (POI)). The second scenario concerned the transfer of OGSR onto the non-shooter after handling a firearm for few minutes without discharging it. One calibre was chosen, the .40 S&W calibre, used by several Australian State police forces. A secondary transfer was observed in all cases for the two scenarios investigated, for three compounds of interest: ethylcentralite (EC), diphenylamine (DPA), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (N-nDPA). The firearm handling scenario resulted in a larger secondary transfer to that of the arrest scenario. Overall, the amounts of OGSR detected on the non-shooter were generally lower than that detected on the shooter and controls after the arrest scenario. The results of this study provide complementary knowledge about OGSR, which can be further used to improve the current practice and the interpretation of OGSR evidence. In particular, it highlights that the secondary transfer proposition must be considered during the interpretation of forensic findings, especially when small amounts of OGSR target compounds are detected.     

携带凶器抢夺研究

我国《刑法》第二百六十七条第二款在学界引起了较为广泛的争议。从该款的立法原意看其存在有必要性,且应以主客观相统一的原则来理解该款的具体内容。实际适用中尚有部分疑难问题。     

The Overrepresentation of Juvenile Crime Proportions in Robbery Clearance Statistics

Many, especially casual observers, interpret juvenile arrest statistics to bea measure of crime committed by juveniles. Others argue that clearancestatistics are a more representative index of the relative responsibility ofjuveniles. Using data from the FBI's National Incident-Based ReportingSystem, this paper explores the likelihoods of arrests for juvenile andadult robbery offenders. The findings show that juvenile robbery suspectsare 23% more likely to be arrested than adults, and 32% more likely aftercontrolling for other incident characteristics. Analyses also found anincreased likelihood of arrest in robbery incidents in which (1) the victimwas a juvenile, a female, or white; (2) the offender was white or female;and (3) the victim was injured. The presence of a weapon was not relatedto the likelihood of arrest. The differential influences of specificincident characteristics on the likelihood of arrest for juveniles andadults highlight the underlying biases of law enforcement statistics inassessing the juvenile component of crime.     

The effects of the second Intifada,terrorist acts,and economic changes on adolescent crime rates in Israel: A research note

Designed as a field quasi-experiment, this study analyzes the differences in Jewish adolescent crime rates before and after the inception of the second Intifada (September, 2000). Data covers the years between 1996 and 2003. The study focused on the relationship between the number of terrorist acts, the number of deaths in these acts, economic changes, and crime rates (murder, manslaughter, assault, mugging and robbery and property-related). The findings of the study were analyzed in terms of current theories on the impact of social and security-related stress on adolescents. The results show that the second Intifada has had significant effects on male adolescent crime rates. In particular, the number of terrorist acts was significantly associated with the following offences: assault, robbery, and manslaughter. No significant differences were found for adolescent female crime rates. Economic changes were significantly negatively related both to male adolescent crime for all the offences studied, as well as to property-related female offences.     

军警人员抢劫的法定刑适用问题新论

现行刑法在抢劫罪中规定了冒充军警人员抢劫为加重处罚情节，学界一边倒地认为，军警人员抢劫法益侵害性更大，要实现罪刑相适应就应升格其法定刑，并围绕于此形成了“立法论”和“解释论”。但其前提并不成立，从主观恶性、社会影响和抢劫罪特性只能得出冒充军警人员抢劫的法益侵害性大于军警人员抢劫的结论，现行立法符合罪刑相适应原则。立法并不完全是理论逻辑的演绎，更多是司法经验的类型化，量刑身份加重处罚不应当被泛化。     

浅析携带凶器抢夺

《中华人民共和国刑法》第267条第2款规定了携带凶器抢夺转化为抢劫罪的条款。为了便于实践中对该条款的把握,最高人民法院发布了《关于审理抢劫案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》、《关于审理抢劫、抢夺刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》,但司法实践中对此款的适用仍存在争议。该条款的性质为法律拟制条款,只要行为人携带凶器抢夺,即可认定为抢劫罪,不必行为人向受害人显示或暗示携带凶器。     

“两个当场”情境下敲诈勒索罪认定刍议

敲诈勒索罪与抢劫罪之间的区分向来为司法实践中的疑难问题之一,特别是行为人当场实施暴力、当场取得财物的情况下,如何对行为进行准确定性,直接关系到刑法适用的准确性。"两个当场"原则并非区分敲诈勒索罪与抢劫罪的决定因素,应综合考虑行为人犯罪时实施暴力的程度、对象、时间及行为人当场取得财物的原因等具体情形,切实贯彻罪责刑相适应的刑法原则,做到罚当其罪。当无法确定当场暴力程度能否达到使他人不能反抗的程度时,应根据"存疑有利被告"的原则,认定为敲诈勒索罪。     

严打“两抢一盗”政策评析——以被害调查为视角

当前中国盗窃、抢劫和抢夺犯罪形势严峻。严打行动的开展，对于遏制该类犯罪的高发态势有着积极意义，但也存在一些不足。治理犯罪，保护民生，需要多策并举、多措并举。     

索马里海盗引发的若干国际法问题

肆虐的索马里海盗和武装劫船行为已经对当代国际法多个分支产生了挑战和冲击，带来了若干亟需解决的法律问题。国际社会必须在预防、制止和惩治方面完善对付海盗和武装劫船行为的国际法体系，包括推动武装劫船行为概念的普遍化、更多依赖1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》及其2005年议定书、澄清适用于武力打击海盗和武装劫船行为的国际人权和人道法的类型和内容、以及探索对海盗行为进行公正有效制裁的刑事审判模式。