保险诈骗罪停止形态及认定

保险诈骗犯罪存在既遂、未遂、中止和预备四种停止形态。认定保险诈骗犯罪四种停止形态的关键是准确认定犯罪行为何时为着手。行为人开始实行刑法分则所规定的五种具体的实行行为时,即为保险诈骗犯罪的着手。侦查人员应围绕行为人主观心理活动以及由此外化的客观行为,考察行为人的心理过程、实施保险诈骗行为所进入的环节,全面搜集有关证据。     

Minor or adult? Introducing decision analysis in forensic age estimation

Nowadays, forensic age estimation takes an important role in worldwide forensic and medico-legal institutes that are solicited by judicial or administrative authorities for providing an expert report on the age of individuals. The authorities’ ultimate issue of interest is often the probability that the person is younger or older than a given age threshold, which is usually the age of majority. Such information is fundamental for deciding whether a person being judged falls under the legal category of an adult. This is a decision that may have important consequences for the individual, depending on the legal framework in which the decision is made. The aim of this paper is to introduce a normative approach for assisting the authority in the decision-making process given knowledge from available findings reported by means of probabilities. The normative approach proposed here has been acknowledged in the forensic framework, and represents a promising structure for reasoning that can support the decision-making process in forensic age estimation. The paper introduces the fundamental elements of decision theory applied to the specific case of age estimation, and provides some examples to illustrate its practical application.     

Digital evidence and the crime scene

Many criminal investigations maintain an element of digital evidence, where it is the role of the first responder in many cases to both identify its presence at any crime scene, and assess its worth. Whilst in some instances the existence and role of a digital device at-scene may be obvious, in others, the first responder will be required to evaluate whether any ‘digital opportunities’ exist which could support their inquiry, and if so, where these are. This work discusses the potential presence of digital evidence at crime scenes, approaches to identifying it and the contexts in which it may exist, focusing on the investigative opportunities that devices may offer. The concept of digital devices acting as ‘digital witnesses’ is proposed, followed by an examination of potential ‘digital crime scene’ scenarios and strategies for processing them.     

The effect of corrosive substances on fingermark recovery: A pilot study

Corrosive substance attacks have become a growing issue within the UK. Although most commonly occurring in gang-related offences, there are high profile instances where this type of attack has been used to attack women to disfigure and destroy livelihoods. Despite the increase in such attacks, there has been very little published research into the recovery of forensic evidence from items used in these crimes. The effect of corrosive substances on the recovery of different types of forensic evidence is unknown, and there is no guidance for laboratories processing exhibits contaminated with corrosive substances regarding optimum treatments. This pilot study focused on establishing the effectiveness of a range of fingermark visualisation processes in recovering fingermarks on surfaces exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid (acid) and potassium hydroxide (alkali). Results indicate that on non-porous surfaces vacuum metal deposition and powder suspensions remain effective, and on porous surfaces fingermarks could still be visualised with physical developer. Alkalis were found to be more detrimental than acid environments in this limited study. The results demonstrate that fingermark recovery is still feasible on surfaces exposed to corrosive substances and provides encouragement that treatment protocols could be developed for this type of exhibit.     

浅析德国刑事诉讼法上的证据禁止制度

证据问题是诉讼中不可回避的问题。德国的证据禁止制度比较有特色，其与美国的非法证据排除规则有不同之处，但二者都对我国法有所启示。     

刑事案件DNA检验采样与鉴定立法现状

人类DNA遗传特征多态性使DNA技术成为各国警方侦办案件的重要技术手段，但DNA检验鉴定采样合法性和结论可采性须由立法规定。众多国家和地区针对DNA采样和鉴定结论应用制定了相关法律法规。我国相关法律细则尚处空白，因此，应尽快制定我国DNA鉴定采样与应用法规，规范DNA鉴定样本采集与证据采信。     

对我国物证证据的多维思考

物证是我国法定的证据种类之一,在各国诉讼实践中也被普遍应用。物证不仅具有区别于＂实物证据＂、＂物的证据＂、＂以物证为基础产生的笔录证据或鉴定证据＂等证据法概念的语义内涵;而且具有真实可靠性、相对稳定性、间接证明性、直观说服力等证明特征。除此之外,物证的大量应用还具有历史与现实、实体与程序等多维度意义。     

刑事冤案形成的原因及对策

刑事冤案指的是在有罪或无罪这一根本的定性问题上出现错误的案件。刑事冤案的产生不仅严重损害司法的公正性和权威性,而且对具体案件中的当事人来说,个人的身心健康、名誉、求学就业、发展前途及其家庭都会产生巨大的影响。造成刑事冤案的原因很多,但通过树立无罪推定的现代司法理念、改革侦查制度、改革刑事辩护制度、完善证据制度和改革司法鉴定制度等多种措施,可以有效避免、减少冤案的发生。     

病历法律评估研究

由于病历在医疗纠纷处理中具有核心证据价值,因而在医疗纠纷愈演愈烈的大背景下,医患双方对病历的证据效力的争执也变得日益复杂。由于法律专业人士不具有医学专业知识,因而对病历的真伪及证据价值的判断显得无能为力,为了正确判断病历的证据价值,为了更好地使用病历作为认定案件事实的依据,因而迫切需要启动病历法律评估。病历法律评价应当坚持全面性、整体性、规范性和不苛求的原则,由有相关专业知识和背景的专业人士依照法定程序,采用专业评估方法,对病历的完整性、规范性和客观性进行评价,并提出专业性的评估意见。     

论同步录音录像资料的证据属 性简

同步录音录像资料作为一种记录侦查询问过程、固定言词证据、保证程序合法的材料和方式,日益凸显着它的证据价值.然而,其证据属性在新《刑事诉讼法》中并未明确.但是,新《刑事诉讼法》认定证据的标准已经更具开放性.同步录音录像资料的证据价值不仅具有司法实践的基础,更具有证据的客观性、关联性、合法性等基本属性,其证据地位有待通过司法解释或进一步立法予以明确.