The roles of community seed banks in climate change adaption

Although community level seed-saving initiatives have been around for about 30 years, until recently they have received little attention in the scientific literature on climate change adaptation and plant genetic resources. Based on research experiences from various countries, this article argues that community seed banks can enhance the resilience of farmers, in particular of communities and households most affected by climate change. Community seed banks can secure improved access to, and availability of, diverse, locally adapted crops and varieties, and enhance related indigenous knowledge and skills in plant management, including seed selection, treatment, storage, multiplication, and distribution.     

检察院提起公益诉讼面临的困境和推进方向

检察机关提起公益诉讼在我国正在如火如荼地开展,并取得了初步的成效,特别是在生态环境与资源保护以及食品药品安全领域。但由于案件来源受到制约、可诉案件的种类范畴过窄、检察院的调查取证权和调查核实权缺乏明确的法律授权、诉讼中举证责任的分担规则不甚明确、公益诉讼被告不配合或阻挠以及诉讼费用如何分担等问题的存在,司法实践操作中还存在诸多困惑和困难。因此,如何推进检察院的公益诉讼是当前和今后一段时间内检察院面临的一个重要任务,需要理论界和司法实务部门共同探讨对策,尽快完善立法并颁布相应的司法解释,为检察机关公益诉讼的顺利开展提供立法和司法保障。     

Neoliberalising the food regime ‘amongst its others’: the right to food and the state in India

ABSTRACT

This contribution explores the role of the state in the contemporary food regime in light of critical theories of neoliberalisation. Heeding recent calls for downscaling food regime analysis, I suggest a Gramscian reinterpretation of recent right-to-food legislation in India on the backdrop of longer histories of capital, power and nature. I argue for seeing the recent right-to-food case in India as partaking in a longstanding hegemonic process of neoliberalising the country’s agro-food system, where hegemony is negotiated through unstable equilibria facilitating renewed capital accumulation for dominant classes.     

不完备法律理论下我国食品安全治理改革——从立法完善主义到合理分配剩余执法权

当前我国食品安全治理改革的总体思路是一种建立在建构理性基础上的立法完善主义,即通过对国家立法的不断完备化努力来渐进式地推动我国食品安全治理的改进.不完备法律理论揭示了法律由于人类理性的不及性而通常是不完备的现实,并指出在法律高度不完备状态下,需要在监管者和法院之间合理分配剩余立法权与执法权.根据这一理论,我国在尝试不断完备食品安全治理法律体系的同时,更应注重合理设计监管者与法庭之间关于食品安全剩余执法权的分配体系.由于食品安全市场不能同时兼备不完备法律理论下关于法院与监管者之间如何分配剩余立法权和执法权时所需要参照的标准化因素和预期负外部性效应强度两个条件,因此我国食品安全治理只能综合利用监管者与法院这两种力量,实现剩余执法权的二元互动分配.     

Elucidating linkages between women’s empowerment in livestock and nutrition: a qualitative study

This article investigates knowledge and perceptions of women’s empowerment from the perspective of female livestock keepers and elucidates linkages between women’s empowerment and household nutrition in relation to livestock. Eight focus groups with 62 female livestock keepers were conducted in Tanzania. Women’s empowerment in livestock was associated with improved household nutrition. Other opportunities for empowerment were identified that could contribute to women’s decision-making power. The article recommends that all development interventions in the livestock sector be gender sensitive and engage local men in conversations about gender inequities. It also discusses other pathways to increase women’s empowerment and household nutrition.     

缺陷产品召回与行政处罚的关系研究

我国从2000年起逐步引进建立缺陷产品召回制度,但尚对缺陷产品召回所涉及的权利、义务、责任的基本属性认识不足,缺陷产品召回制度难以融入我国现行的产品质量监管执法体系,产品召回与行政处罚存在一定的冲突和矛盾,两者表现为平行的关系、递进的关系、交叉的关系、聚合的关系和补充的关系等5种基本形态。在实践中,应结合这几种关系形态正确、合理地适用行政处罚与产品召回制度,实现产品召回与行政处罚两种有效的政府产品质量监管执法手段相互支撑、交替适用、协同实施,进而进一步完善我国的产品质量责任制度、召回的法律体系和管理体系。     

Does women’s empowerment through policy intervention reduce food insecurity in South Africa?

This article determines the extent to which the food insecurity status of women in South Africa can be reduced by participating in gardening around the homestead, using survey data from 207 women farmers. A household food insecurity average score index and an empirical model that accounts for observed and unobserved factors contributing to food insecurity were employed. The findings reveal that participating in the programme worked to reduce the food insecurity of women significantly, and also show other policy factors that need to be taken into consideration to reduce food insecurity. We recommend that policy interventions towards promoting high participation by women are a sustainable strategy to address food insecurity and to achieve the 2030 agenda targeting an end to poverty and hunger.     

Integrating gender into index-based agricultural insurance: a focus on South Africa

Index insurance is an agricultural risk management tool that can provide a safety net for smallholder farmers experiencing climate risk. While uptake and scale-out of index insurance may be slow among smallholders, we can learn from experiences that demonstrate where crop insurance can protect smallholders’ livelihoods from climate risk. Integrating gender into climate risk management is necessary to ensure that the benefits of index insurance are experienced by both men and women. A dedicated intention to integrate gender may be required. Taking South Africa as a case study, the potential for gender-sensitive index insurance scale-out among smallholders is investigated.     

欧盟食品安全风险评估制度的基本原则之评析

以欧盟《统一食品安全法》和专门负责食品安全风险评估的欧盟食品安全管理局的相关指引以及其他与欧盟食品安全风险监管有关的政策为主要考察对象,可以发现欧盟食品安全风险评估制度的基本原则有四项,即科学上的卓越性原则、独立性原则、透明性原则和公众协商性原则。通过评析这些基本原则的主要含义、之所以成为基本原则的原因以及这些基本原则得以实现的具体机制,可以发现它们已经不是停留在纸面上的原则,这对我国食品安全风险评估制度的完善具有重要启发。     

国外刑法典中食品安全犯罪的考察及启示

目前,食品安全犯罪问题可以说是刑法学界热议的焦点,在大多数国家的刑法典中,对它的犯罪性质、构成要件和刑罚结构观点各异。我国在今后的食品安全犯罪的立法修改工作中,应将其置于危害公共安全犯罪以利于分则罪名分类的协调性和体系性,尽快纠正我国现行《刑法》中关于过失危害食品安全犯罪行为的相关规定,应进一步细化食品安全犯罪行为的对象与方式;同时,根据我国国情,尽快研究制定食品安全犯罪的预防措施。