全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2477篇 |
免费 | 67篇 |
专业分类
外交国际关系 | 42篇 |
法律 | 2426篇 |
中国政治 | 10篇 |
政治理论 | 2篇 |
综合类 | 64篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 58篇 |
2022年 | 127篇 |
2021年 | 113篇 |
2020年 | 98篇 |
2019年 | 102篇 |
2018年 | 66篇 |
2017年 | 38篇 |
2016年 | 49篇 |
2015年 | 33篇 |
2014年 | 59篇 |
2013年 | 124篇 |
2012年 | 75篇 |
2011年 | 117篇 |
2010年 | 72篇 |
2009年 | 167篇 |
2008年 | 249篇 |
2007年 | 204篇 |
2006年 | 183篇 |
2005年 | 110篇 |
2004年 | 88篇 |
2003年 | 79篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 52篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 8篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 4篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2544条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
41.
42.
英美法系在很早以前就认识到了专家在审判中的重要作用,而具有偏向性专家证人则是对抗制的产物。在中世纪,专家是以陪审团成员或者法官顾问的身份出现在法庭上的,由法官进行引导和控制.以保证其中立性和公正性。16世纪,随着知情陪审团被不知情陪审团所替代,法院开始传唤专家出庭,就某个专业问题向陪审团提供意见和结论。到了18世纪.英美法系审判中对抗的因素越来越多.双方当事人开始传唤专家作为各自的证人出庭提供意见。但18世纪末19世纪初的专家证人并不具有偏向性。直到19世纪中期,专家证人开始为各自当事人的利益服务.在法庭上为就与案件事实相关的专门性问题提出自己的意见.现代意义上的专家证人产生。梳理英美法系专家证人的历史对我国司法鉴定制度改革具有重要的指导意义。我国现已全面确立专家辅助人制度.专家辅助人应当具有中立性.并需构建一系列的程序和制度对专家辅助人的中立性进行保障。 相似文献
43.
《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2013,4(1):e29-e30
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are used in devastating terrorist attacks worldwide and daily in Thailand. Touch DNA deposited during IED assembly are subjected to intense heat and pressure, resulting in rare events of usable DNA profiles obtained from real casework. No study has simultaneously evaluated both swab brands and moistening agents for touch DNA collection from substrates encountered in IED evidence. In this study, we investigated the effects of swab brands and moistening agents on DNA collection from adhesive tape, a common IED substrate. A full factorial design using four cotton swab brands (two forensic and two medical cotton swabs) and six moistening agents (DNA-free water, phosphate-buffered saline, ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, isopropanol, and lysis buffer) was employed (24 total combinations). Using buffy coats, we found that DNA recovery depended on both swab brands and moistening agents (p < 0.05). The optimal method recovered significantly higher DNA amount from real IED cases compared to the standard Royal Thai Police method. Percentages of high partial profiles also increased. Our results changed the standard operating protocol of the Thai police. Other commonly found substrates from IED cases are being investigated to maximize the evidential value obtained from touch DNA. 相似文献
44.
Darrell O. Ricke Ph.D. Philip Fremont‐Smith M.S. James Watkins B.S. Sara Stankiewicz M.S. Tara Boettcher B.S. Eric Schwoebel Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(5):1468-1474
High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of large panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provides an alternative or complimentary approach to short tandem repeats (STRs) panels for the analysis of complex DNA mixture forensic samples. For STRs, methods to estimate individual contribution concentrations compare capillary electrophoresis peak heights, peak areas, or HTS allele read counts within a mixture. This article introduces three approaches (mean, median, and slope methods) for estimating individual DNA contributions to forensic mixtures for HTS/massively parallel sequencing (MPS) SNP panels. For SNPs, the major:minor allele ratios or counts, unique to each contributor, were compared to estimate contributor proportion within the mixture using the mean, median, and slope intercept for these alleles. The estimates for these three methods were typically within 5% of planned experimental contributions for defined mixtures. 相似文献
45.
ABSTRACT The present research examined the CSI Effect and the impact of DNA evidence on mock jurors and jury deliberations using a 3 (Crime Drama Viewing: low, moderate, high)?×?3 (Evidence: DNA innocent, DNA guilty, no DNA control) design. A sample of 178 jury-eligible college students read a case of breaking and entering. Pre-deliberation, some support for a CSI Effect was found with high viewers’ extent of guilt ratings significantly lower than moderate and low viewers’ in the no DNA control and the DNA innocent conditions. This effect was not present for verdicts. Contrary to a CSI Effect, crime drama viewing was not related to guilt judgments with incriminating DNA evidence. A content analysis of comments made during deliberations found little support for the CSI Effect entering the jury room. Specifically, CSI Effect predictions were not supported when examining the discussion of DNA evidence, expressing DNA opinions, or mentioning missing evidence. Overall, the limited CSI Effect found for individuals was attenuated during deliberation. The alarm raised over a possible CSI Effect influencing jury decision making may be unwarranted. 相似文献
46.
Accurate age estimates of immature necrophagous insects associated with a human or animal body can provide evidence of how long the body has been dead. These estimates are based on species-specific details of the insects’ aging processes, and therefore require accurate species identification and developmental stage estimation. Many professionals who produce or use identified organisms as forensic evidence have little training in taxonomy or metrology, and appreciate the availability of formalized principles and standards for biological identification. Taxonomic identifications are usually most readily and economically made using categorical and qualitative morphological characters, but it may be necessary to use less convenient and potentially more ambiguous characters that are continuous and quantitative if two candidate species are closely related, or if identifying developmental stages within a species. Characters should be selected by criteria such as taxonomic specificity and metrological repeatability and relative error. We propose such a hierarchical framework, critique various measurements of immature insects, and suggest some standard approaches to determine the reliability of organismal identifications and measurements in estimating postmortem intervals. Relevant criteria for good characters include high repeatability (including low scope for ambiguity or parallax effects), pronounced discreteness, and small relative error in measurements. These same principles apply to individuation of unique objects in general.
Key points
- Metrological rigour can increase in forensic entomology by selecting measurements based on their metrological qualities.
- Selection of high-quality features for morphological identification of organisms should consider these criteria: (1) pronounced discreteness of features (minimising group overlap or maximizing interval); (2) high repeatability of assessment (such as symmetrical width rather than asymmetrical length); (3) small relative error in measurement (selecting the physically largest continuous rigid feature for measurement).
- These metrological principles also apply to individuation of unique objects in general.
47.
Shivpoojan Kori 《法庭科学研究(英文)》2021,6(1):19-33
Recently, cloud point extraction (CPE) coupled with back extraction (BE) has been suggested as a promising alternative to liquid-liquid extraction. In CPE, non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solutions form micelles and the solution becomes turbid when heated to the cloud point temperature. Microwave- or ultrasonic-assisted BE can be performed after CPE and before injection of the sample for instrumental analysis by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This article reviews selected published scientific research on the application of CPE-BE to the determination of alkaloids, drugs and organophosphorus compounds from several complex matrices. This method could be scaled-up for use in forensic science. 相似文献
48.
Claudine Abegg Ilaria Balbo Alejandro Dominguez Silke Grabherr Lorenzo Campana Negahnaz Moghaddam 《法庭科学研究(英文)》2021,6(1):34-41
Virtual anthropology (VA) is based on applying anthropological methods currently used to analyse bones to 3D models of human remains. While great advances have been made in this endeavour in the past decade, several interrogations concerning how reliable these models are and what their proper use should be remain unanswered. In this research, a fundamental assumption of VA has been investigated: if the way we perceive and apply an anthropological method is truly similar when looking at bones macroscopically and through various 3D media. In order to answer, 10 skulls of known age and sex were scanned using a computed tomography (CT) scanner and a 3D surface scanner. Two observers separately applied a defined staging method to eight suture sites on these skulls, first looking at the bone macroscopically, then at the 3D surface scan, and finally on the CT scan. Two rounds of observation were carried out by each observer. Intra- and inter-observer error were evaluated, and two sample t-tests used to evaluate if the different types of medium used yielded significantly different observations. The results show a high degree of inter-observer error, and that data obtained from 3D surface scans differ from macroscopic observation (confidence level 95%, P ≤ 0.05). CT scans, in these settings, yielded results comparable to those obtained through macroscopic observations. These results offer many possibilities for future research, including indications on the kind of anthropological methods and anatomical landmarks that might be reliably transferable to the virtual environment. All current methods used in traditional anthropology should be tested, and if they prove unreliable, new techniques to analyse bones from virtual models should be developed.
Key points
- Large discrepancies between observation on dry bones and computer-generated 3D models (surface scans or CT scans) could lead to the re-evaluation of the suitability of traditional anthropological methods for application on 3D models.
- This preliminary study evaluates whether macroscopic, 3D surface scans, and CT scans viewings generate different observations.
- The results indicate that the data are not always coherent across all three media of observation.
- Explanations include the aspect given to the bone by the 3D software, differences between handling bones in real life versus on a computer, and level of expertise of the observers.
49.
Junqi Jian Lei Wan Yu Shao Donghua Zou Ping Huang Zhuoqun Wang Ningguo Liu Yijiu Chen 《法庭科学研究(英文)》2021,6(2):152-158
It may be difficult to distinguish the cause of death in drowning cases without specific findings. The aim of this study was to explore the forensic value of thoracic postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) using routine images and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstructions. The imaging data of PMCT examinations of six drowning cadavers, aged 21–54 years, were analyzed. Twelve victims of sudden death from coronary artery disease (CAD) were chosen as a control group. After 3D bilateral lung images were reconstructed using image processing software, an interactive medical image control system was used to measure and analyze parameters including lung volume, lung volume ratio, mean CT value of the whole lung, and lung CT value distribution curves. Lung volume and lung volume ratio were used to assess the shape changes of the lung. Lung CT value distribution curves showed the corresponding number of pixels of the different CT values in the lung image. Lung volume was not significantly larger in drowning cases (mean 2 958 cm3) than in controls (mean 2 342 cm3). Lung volume ratio values in the drowning group (mean 0.3156) were greater than those in the control group (mean 0.2763); (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between the drowning and control group in the mean CT value of the whole lung. There were differences between lung CT value distribution curves in drowning victims and controls, with drowning victims showing a single peak and CAD cases showing a bimodal distribution. Thoracic PMCT is helpful for the forensic medical diagnosis of drowning. Lung volume ratio and lung CT value distribution are potential indicators to distinguish between drowning and CAD. 相似文献
50.
There is a dearth of information on the mutual interaction between metal intoxication and adipocere formation. Herein, 40 adult female albino rats were distributed into two equal groups, one used as control while the other orally administered single dose of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) 225 mg/kg·bw (LDmin). Control group was killed by cervical dislocation. Half of dead rats of both groups were subjected for determination of iodine value and estimation of cadmium (Cd) residues while the other half of both groups were submerged in opened glass container previously filled with 4 L dechlorinated tap water kept in closed room with an open air access (one cadaver/container). Gross morphological changes of submerged cadavers were recorded weekly along the experiment. At the end of the experiment, after 3 months, samples were collected again for iodine value determination and estimation of Cd residues. The obtained results revealed the depressant effect of Cd toxicity on development of adipocere. Cd residues were found in different tissues of cadavers at time of death with the highest amount in the intestines followed by the liver and kidneys, then lungs, adipose tissue, muscles, and finally the bones. After 3 months of water submersion, tissues exhibited significant decrease in the amount of Cd residues but to a limit that was still detected. This study concluded the possibility of detection of Cd residues even after adipocere formation. Additionally, it shed light on the possibility of the interference of environmental pollution with the natural rate of decomposition especially adipocere formation. 相似文献