MRI在膝关节细微骨折法医学鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现及其在法医学鉴定中的应用价值。方法分析24例经MRI诊断并经CT及临床证实的膝关节细微骨折的MRI表现,并与CT和X线检查结果进行比对。结果24例患者中X线仅检出2处骨折,CT检出27处,MRI检出31处骨折;其中MRI诊断同一患者2处以上骨折共有5例。所有骨折均无明显分离或错位,T1WI STIR和FE-T2WI序列是显示细微骨折的最佳序列。结论MRI能明确诊断膝关节细微骨折,为法医学鉴定提供有力的依据。     

检察机关审查排除非法证据问题探讨

我国检察机关依法享有排除非法证据的职能,能够发挥检察官的自由裁量权,加强对侦查主体行使权力的监督;满足检察机关与法院互相配合特殊关系的需要;确保检察机关恪守客观公正的立场,校正辩方弱势的不平衡。通过实证观察,检察机关排除非法证据的实际运作并不乐观,存在非法证据界定不明、缺乏审查排除程序规则等问题。有必要正确界定非法证据,明确非法证据的排除原则;设置对抗性的听证程序,构建包括启动、审查、处理、救济环节的检察机关审查排除非法证据机制。     

中国语境的非法证据排除规则论争——本土话语资源的批判性反思

针对非法证据排除规则的论争,当前我国理论界立场繁多,却有自说自话之嫌,改革主张繁荣,却缺乏系统整合。经过对话语资源的梳理,我国在非法证据排除规则的理论憧憬方面,呈现出结构主义与功能主义两种理路;在非法证据排除规则的改革进路方面,呈现出整体革新与渐进改良两条进路。经过对话语资源的整合,未来我国针对非法证据排除规则的论争还需要注重两个重要维度:一是对他域话语资源作批判性解读;二是对该证据规则的吓阻功能及我国制度环境的容纳能力作经验性研究。     

“测谎”结论能否作为鉴定证据——关于中国心理测试技术研究应用及其现状的思考

"测谎",是日常概念,绝非科学术语。其科学称谓是犯罪心理测试技术,可简称心理测试技术或心测技术。测试结果能否作为证据,说法很多。中国心理测试技术研究与应用的现状,不容乐观;研讨其证据价值,必须首先对此状况及问题有深入了解。鉴于目前的混乱状况,将心理测试技术作为我国诉讼证据的条件尚不成熟。     

Two arch criteria of the ilium for sex determination of immature skeletal remains: A test of their accuracy and an assessment of intra- and inter-observer error

Although the assignment of sex to immature skeletal remains is considered problematic, some traits have been considered useful for both forensic and bioarchaeological applications. One such trait is the arch criterion found in subadult ilia, which is defined relative to the greater sciatic notch-auricular surface area. In adults, the composite arch has also been described in relation to this area and has proven relatively successful in sex determination. This study offers an examination of the accuracy of the arch criterion and the composite arch in determining the sex of subadult skeletal remains, and an assessment of intra- and inter-observer scoring error. A sample of 97 skeletons of known sex and age (<15 years) from the Lisbon collection (Portugal) were selected and the traits were scored by three observers on orthogonal photos of each ilium. In general the agreement within (67.7–88.5%) and between (50.5–76.3%) examiners was poor and overall accuracy (26.7–52.6%) did not meet the expectations of that reported in previous studies. The authors suggest that this derives from great variation in morphology, difficulties in interpreting criteria and possibly a lack of association between the expression of the traits and sex. Careful examination of sex-related morphology in the immature skeleton and additional blind tests of so-called useful traits should continue to be carried out.     

基于证据链原理的交通事故现场勘查方法研究

为解决交通事故调查取证时尽可能科学、全面、系统收集事故证据的问题，我们应用证据链原理的基本思想，探索现场勘查的新方法——现场元素复原法。该方法按照时间的倒置顺序，应用逻辑分析法，将现场元素由现场原始状态一步一步复原到事故发生前的正常状态，从而确定空间范围，有效发现与甄别真正的交通事故现场证据。     

泥土物证检验技术的现状及发展

本文综述了国内外泥土物证的检验方法。针对目前我国泥土物证多,但发现提取送检的少;泥土成分多,但被检验的成分少的特点,提出泥土物证检验应向小样品量、多参数综合检验方向发展的观点,以求引起更多同行的关注,充分发挥泥土物证在侦破案件、证实犯罪中的作用。     

在案件鉴定中对整体分离痕迹的重新认识

整体分离痕迹在交通肇事逃逸案件现场经常会出现，在盗窃、杀人、强奸、爆炸等刑事案件现场也可能会出现。通过相关典型案例的评析，重新认识了整体分离痕迹概念中整体物质和新界面的涵义，从而对概念进行了新的诠释。对于难度较大的采用分解方式分离的整体物质，归纳出鉴定时可选取的分离特征。这对于增强整体分离痕迹在法庭上的可采性，提高这种科学证据的价值，使其在案件侦破过程中发挥更大的作用很有裨益。     

A validation study of mRNA markers for skin cell identification

The objectives of this study were to develop and optimize a multiplex of three skin specific gene markers; loricrin (LOR), corneodesmosin (CDSN) and keratin 9 (KRT9) and 1 house-keeping marker, β-actin (ACTB) using an endpoint PCR assay to analyze expression data from a range of relevant samples. Marker specificity and suitability were evaluated for their inclusion in future forensic casework. The presence of the three skin mRNA markers was successfully confirmed from swabs of human skin obtained from 20 individuals at each of 6 different body sites (forehead, neck, arm, palm, leg and sole). Significant variation was observed in the relative expression of the three genes across the body sites, with some individuals consistently failing to express one or more of the targets. Inter-individual variation was also evident. Accordingly, these markers must be used with caution in the identification of skin in forensic samples.     

Following the transfer of DNA: How far can it go?

The issue of DNA transfer is becoming increasingly important in crime scene situations, as DNA analytical techniques now detect tiny amounts. Whereas primary and secondary DNA transfers have been well studied, subsequent transfer steps have received much less focus. This study aimed to measure the detectability of a DNA source after multiple transfer events. Transfer of wet blood gave a full genetic profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on both cotton and glass substrates. Dry blood gave a full profile well beyond the secondary transfer events on glass only, but to a lesser extent than wet blood. Touch DNA only produced a full profile on the primary substrate on both cotton and glass, and detectable quantities beyond the secondary transfer event on glass only. Our results will contribute to a better understanding of the tertiary and subsequent transfer of DNA, which will allow for improved evaluation of the likelihood of alternative scenarios explaining why an individual's DNA was found at a crime scene.