格式条款的法价值机理与规制新思路——兼评新《消费者权益保护法》第26条

格式条款因其有助于交易的迅捷而被广泛应用于各种消费领域,但其亦日益沦为经营者侵害消费者利益的工具,并愈演愈烈。因此,此次《消费者权益保护法》着重从防范格式条款滥用的角度对其进行修缮。但是,如果深入剖析格式条款制度所蕴涵的效率与公平法价值及两者间的运行机理,则会发现此次防范和规制格式条款的修改思路依然是旧有规整思路,难以取得法律修改的预期效果。合理而正确的规整思路应当是,区分不同消费领域对公平与效率价值的强弱需求,然后在遵循不同法价值机理的基础上配置相称的规制手段。     

Examining the Scope for National Lesson‐drawing on Climate Governance

The need to understand the scope for comparative lesson‐drawing on national‐level climate mitigation policy has acquired added significance due to the current impasse in international‐level governance. Greater policy learning or lesson‐drawing among peers at the national level could, to an extent, foster meaningful developments by overcoming generalised international apathy and inaction. In this respect, we analyse the features of one significant example of national climate policy in order to examine the scope for lesson‐drawing, thereby setting out a normative research agenda. The UK Climate Change Act 2008 remains one of the few examples of legally enshrined national mitigation legislation and hence provides a relevant, but surprisingly under‐researched, source of learning for policy‐makers worldwide. By analysing its development, critical features and implementation, this article shows that—despite criticism of the sustainability and implementation effectiveness of the Act—some aspects of the policy could provide lessons for other states, and hence are potentially transferable extraterritorially, although lesson‐drawing itself is conditional on contextual constraints.     

对2005年英国《意思能力法》的再解读——以社会工作为视角

2005年英格兰和威尔士颁行的《意思能力法》将判例法的大部分实践奉为准则以保护丧失决策能力的成年人,促进个人自主性以及确保个人能够提前做出拒绝治疗的相关决定.它在需要替欠缺行为能力成年人做主要的身体和福利决定的情形下引入了新的替代决策方式以满足这些需求以及相关特殊主张.2005年《意思能力法》的适用范围从不同的角度得到再次解读,此法与在既定领域以新角色与他人进行合作的社会工作者之间的密切关系得到考察,社会工作者的部分责任得到阐明,研究结论指出：社会工作者具备完美实践的潜力,而这也需要专业的反思与服务监督的支持.     

多式联运：关于当代法律的评论

德国运输法的改革法案于 1998年 7月 1日生效。新法最主要的变化是为国内的各种货物运输方式 ,包括公路、铁路、内水和航空运输 ,制定了一套相同的法律规则 ,同时第一次为多式联运制定了规则。本文主要以德国法为对象 ,同时比较中国、荷兰和法国法 ,论述多式联运合同的定义 ,适用法律 ,责任限制等问题。     

《〈民事诉讼法〉修改决定》评析——兼论我国《民事诉讼法》的修改

《民事诉讼法》修改是众望所归的事,但以《〈民事诉讼法〉修改决定》的形式通过却有点出乎大家的意料。《〈民事诉讼法〉修改决定》有其创新之处,但其暴露的不足也是显而易见的。应当尽快启动对《民事诉讼法》的全面修改程序,将其打造成一部既有前瞻性又有特色的能很好服务于民事诉讼的法律。     

反恐背景下美国监视和情报制度的新发展——以《爱国者法》标题Ⅱ下的条款为分析对象

9.11事件后,美国政府吸取因国家监视和情报系统缺乏合作以及无能力、无效率等缺陷而造成重大损失的教训,以制定《爱国者法》的方式对之进行作了重大改革:打破执法机关与情报收集机关之间的信息壁垒,改变监视和情报收集体制的分立状态;建立起适用于互联网时代的监视和情报收集制度;扩大行政机关监视和情报收集的自由裁量权,以满足应对恐怖主义威胁的新需要。美国政府对监视和情报制度的改革增强了其在互联网时代预防和应对恐怖主义的能力,也将为当下中国反恐立法中相关内容的设计提供了重要的参考价值。     

再议交通事故认定行为的法律性质

对于交警部门在履行处理交通事故职责中作出的交通事故责任认定究竟为何属性,众说纷纭,因为它直接关系到当交通事故认定出现偏差时,可否司法审查进而有效地维护交通事故当事人的合法权益,监督交警部门依法履行职责,正确处理交通事故的问题。根据交通事故处理法律、法规的规定,交通事故认定行为的法律性质是具体行政行为。     

The South African National Credit Act fails to protect homeowners against various interest rates hikes

Where a credit provider makes a proper financial assessment and finds that the low-income consumer will be able to satisfy in a timely manner all the obligations under all the credit agreements to which the consumer is a party he will in all probability conclude the credit agreement with the consumer. Obviously the affordability assessment made by the credit provider will depend on the prevailing interest rates at the time. There has been several interest rate hikes since June 2006 to December 2008 in South Africa that has had a detrimental impact on low-income home owners. Due to the various interest rate hikes and the prevailing high interest rates many consumers have lost their mortgaged homes. The South African National Credit Act of 2005 has failed to take into its purview cases such as these, and as a consequence there is no sort of consumer protection available for the low-income group who become over-indebted, because of the constant rising interest rates on their mortgage loans.     

日本国际私法现代化的最新进展——从《法例》到《法律适用通则法》

《法律适用通则法》是日本为实现其国际私法立法现代化的目标而对《法例》进行修订的结果。《通则法》对《法例》的修订,不仅体现在立法名称和法律语言的现代化上,更体现在法律适用规则的现代化上。在法律适用方面,《通则法》主要对行为能力、后见开始的审判、失踪宣告、合同、侵权、无因管理、不当得利益以及债权转让等领域的法律适用规则进行了完善。《通则法》的制定对我国国际私法立法的完善有一定借鉴作用。     

The ‘Perils’ of an Identity Politics Approach to the Legal Recognition of Harm

In the past, and it still remains the case, people with learning difficulties who are victims of violence have been cast as being in need of protection rather than rights and justice. Such an approach belies an institutionalised perspective of harm that does not readily engage with criminal justice structures or solutions. At the same time, Sect. 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 gives the court the power to pass enhanced sentences where it can be proven that a crime was motivated by hostility towards someone because s/he is disabled. However, this provision may simply remain a symbolic pledge to equality that fails to tackle the complex and deep rooted causes of violence and oppression in modern society. The consequences of automatically turning to hate crime ‘solutions’ have yet to be explored. This article will draw from the ideas of a number of thinkers in the context of diverse activism to construct a bridge between current debates about how to theorise and tackle violence and oppression in the modern world and the campaigns fought by people with learning difficulties and their supporters. The hope is that this exercise will not only help people with learning difficulties to access the current debate but will further develop current thinking about how to understand and tackle violence in the modern world.