主、客观原因在产生犯罪中的地位比较

犯罪的产生必有其原因。犯罪兼有社会、人文、自然三重属性，其产生遂兼有社会、人文、自然三重原因。犯罪的社会原因与自然原因，很大程度上又可概括为犯罪产生的外因，亦即犯罪的客观原因；犯罪的个人原因，很大程度上又可概括为犯罪产生的内因，亦即犯罪的主观原因。犯罪原因论之关键的问题与问题的关键，在于认清到底是主观原因还是客观原因，应该属于犯罪产生的首要原因。故而，犯罪原因论中进行主、客观原因地位的比较研究，具有非常重要的理论意义与实践意义。但主、客观原因在产生犯罪中的地位问题又十分复杂，致使犯罪学界对其长期纠结，众说纷纭，莫衷一是。“主观说”、“客观说”、“折衷说”（“主、客观原因并列冠军说”）、“说不清说”等，各有千秋，各有得失。而“双因交互，异况各论说”，既取各论之长、又避各论之短、还重自主创新，是一种颇有智慧的主、客观原因地位论。“双因交互，异况各论说”认为，产生犯罪必须主、客观原因同时具备，主、客观原因在产生犯罪中的地位没有统一模式，对主、客观原因在产生犯罪中的地位需具体情况具体分析。     

More with Less? Fiscal Decentralisation,Public Health Spending and Health Sector Performance

Decentralisation is considered a panacea for deficient public sector performance by many. However, recent trends of health sector recentralisation in several OECD countries suggest the opposite. Taking on a cross‐country perspective, I examine two hypotheses, namely that decentralisation leads to an increase in public health spending (H1) and to poor health sector outcomes (H2). The evidence I present suggests that decentralising spending tends to lead to larger public health sectors and to poorer health sector outcomes. However, decentralising tax authority has no effect on the size of the health sector and may actually have a positive effect on health sector performance. The broader lesson is that while general fiscal decentralisation research tends to imply that its conclusions are valid for all policy areas in a similar way, sector‐specific insights can reveal a more nuanced view on the consequences of fiscal decentralisation.     

The Management of Democratic Elections in Africa (MDEA) programme at the university of South Africa: Is this the right path towards African solutions?

There have been a number of initiatives in Africa to rid the Continent of political instability, conflict, poverty and disease. Many have argued that aid from the West has helped Africa in many ways—from stopping wars, to food relief and rescuing the African environment. Yet others have slated Western involvement which they contend, frequently leaves Africans dependant rather than capable of solving their own problems. In line with the pan-Africanist and the African Union (AU) ideals, there is now a realisation by Africans that there is a need to find African solutions to African challenges and problems. This review article explores the University of South Africa’s (Unisa’s) Management of Democratic Elections in Africa (MDEA) programme, by looking at its objectives and the reason why it must be labelled a Programme, its mandate, which is in line with the brief of the AU and pan-Africanist ideals. The article focuses on how Unisa’s programme responds to the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG); and how it has attempted to facilitate knowledge for peace in Africa, through empowering electoral officials from various African states. The article concludes by looking at the successes and limitations of the Programme over a five-year period, from its inception in 2011.     

Electoral participation in African democracies: the impact of individual and contextual factors

This paper addresses the question of how electoral participation at the individual level is affected by various political and sociological factors in new democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Relying on Afrobarometer (Round 5) data, the study examines the determinants of voting for over 12,000 voting aged individuals in eight countries. Findings confirm the importance of individual characteristics such as age, associational networks, discussing politics, party identification, religiosity, trust and satisfaction with democracy in predicting turnout at the individual level. But more importantly, the addition of contextual factors significantly improves the individual-level model predicting vote choice in these democracies.     

口蹄疫病毒O型和A型交互反应性单克隆抗体的筛选与鉴定

不同血清型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)之间不能产生交叉免疫保护,但是血清学的交叉反应确实存在。本研究旨在建立一种筛选型间交互反应性抗体的方法,以期为解析FMDV血清型间保守的抗原结构奠定基础。本方法主要依据单个B细胞抗体技术,首先采用两种不同的荧光染料FluoProbes 647H和Pacific Blue分别标记O型与A型FMDV 146S灭活抗原,然后利用流式细胞分选技术,从免疫牛外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中分选出结合两种抗原的特异性B细胞,通过单个B细胞抗体基因测定,获得Ig G抗体重链与轻链可变区编码序列,并将可变区基因插入含有牛IgG抗体恒定区的pcDNA3.4载体中,构建IgG抗体的重链与轻链表达质粒。将重链与轻链表达质粒共转染中国仓鼠卵巢悬浮细胞(CHO-S)进行完整抗体表达。结果显示,通过该方法获得了5株FMDV特异性单克隆抗体,其中4株(H64、R82、I16、R29)经间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测都可特异性识别O和A型FMDV;ELISA结果显示,H64、R82、I16与O、A型抗原均具有较好的亲合力;Western-blot结果显示,I16可特异性结合O、A型FMDV结构蛋白VP2中的线性表位,说明在衣壳蛋白VP2上存在血清型间保守的抗原表位,通过本研究进一步加深了对FMDV抗原结构的认识。     

酮洛芬注射液在乳牛体内的残留消除研究

为建立牛乳中酮洛芬的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测方法,牛乳样品经甲醇提取,C18色谱柱分离,采用正离子模式,多反应监测,内标法定量。结果表明,牛乳中酮洛芬的检出限为1μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg,在5~200μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.99。在25~100μg/kg添加水平的回收率为93.3%~107.5%,批内、批间相对标准偏差分别为1.72%~5.46%、1.13%~7.04%。该方法高效、灵敏、准确,可作为牛乳中酮洛芬的检测方法。选用20头健康的泌乳期荷斯坦乳牛,高产、低产各10头,以3 mg/kg剂量肌内注射给药,每天1次,连用3 d,分别于每次给药后第2、15小时采集乳样。每次给药后2 h牛乳中可检出酮洛芬,最高质量分数为(38.43±3.90)μg/kg,停药后15 h均未检出。所有时间点牛乳中酮洛芬质量分数的实测结果均低于加拿大规定的最高残留限量50μg/kg,建议弃乳期为0 d。     

The problem of tatemashi in Murakami Haruki’s work: comparing The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle and 1Q84

Abstract

This article investigates a problem that has been underexamined in Murakami scholarship so far, namely what I will call tatemashi (stacking), a method of novel-writing which Murakami Haruki used twice in his career, first in Nejimakidori Kuronikuru and later in 1Q84. In both cases, Murakami first published a shorter, two-volume version, but later stacked up the novel with a third volume. This article studies the various problems surrounding this writing method. I suggest that edits during the translation process of the two novels into English have made it impossible to detect why tatemashi was carried out. By studying the Japanese versions, I identify that a main reason for tatemashi to happen is the thrust of a storyline that calls for the development of a ‘smaller-scale’ story of personal self-discovery into a ‘larger-scale’ tale of commitment to an ‘other’.     

和谐社会视域下的国企工人道德素质现状及对策研究

依据中国公民人文素质调查数据库对我国国企工人道德素质从道德意识、道德常识、道德行为三个维度进行综合分析,结果表明:(1)国企工人道德素质整体水平较高,但在道德意识上存在倒置和不平衡等差异现象。(2)国企工人道德素质结构性差异不均衡,学历和工龄对其作用以直接作用为主。     

沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力之比较研究

在构建社会主义和谐社会的当代中国,药品的安全性和有效性正日益引起人们的关注,而药品监管机构能力的建设与评估也开始成为社会监管领域的重要问题.通过回顾国内外已有的对政府能力概念和要素的研究,借用Nelissen的潜在能力和现实能力理论,结合世界银行2003年《世界发展报告》中对机构现实能力的要素分析和"行政储备"理论对机构潜在能力的要素分析,构建起药品监管机构能力的结构模型,并提出一套评估的指标体系.对数据进行标准化处理后,通过统计排序对沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力进行评估和比较,进而利用最小二乘法(OLS)建立回归模型,分析潜在能力中的财力和人力因素对现实能力的贡献率.研究发现:地区财力对监管机构现实能力的影响较之人力因素要大,这在理论和实践中都可以得到证实;各地药品监管机构的潜在能力与现实能力之间存在较大差异,就那些现实机构能力较低的地区而言,现阶段有必要把工作重点放在医药企业生产经营行为的监管和农村地区医药监管基础设施的建设上;而对于潜在机构能力较低的地区来说,从"专业化、程序化和独立性"等方面提升机构整体的人力资源是当务之急.     

冠状病毒感染性疾病尸体检验相关病原学检测回顾与展望

冠状病毒曾经给世界带来两次严重的人类间大流行,包括严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute re?spiratory syndrome,SARS)和中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS),2019年岁末新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2...