What the Trial Judge Needs to Know about the Convention of 23 November 2007 on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance

Since the 1950s, there have been several international multi‐lateral treaties for recognition and enforcement of child and spousal support orders. They operated, primarily, in civil law countries where “creditor‐based jurisdiction” allowed establishment of an order in the country of habitual residence of the child or the custodial parent. The United States, requiring “minimum contacts” with the debtor to establish personal jurisdiction, could not be a party to such agreements. For nearly fifty years the U.S., and a few states, sought to fill the need for international reciprocity by negotiating individual country‐to‐country or state‐to‐country arrangements. With ratification of the 2007 Family Maintenance Convention, the United States was finally able to join in a multi‐lateral treaty. The treaty took effect in the United States on January 1, 2017, establishing procedures for international recognition, enforcement and modification of family support orders with 35 other countries already party to the Convention (including the entire European Union). The grand bargain struck during the negotiations between 2003 and 2007 was that the U.S. would honor a foreign order if, under the facts presented, there were sufficient minimum contacts with the debtor that would have supported personal jurisdiction if the order had been entered in any state in the U.S. If unable to recognize a foreign order, the U.S. agreed to take steps to issue a new one. The treaty establishes administrative procedures that, in many respects, are nearly identical to interstate enforcement of domestic support orders in this country. But there are also aspects of the treaty that are entirely new and warrant explanation for family and juvenile court judges. This article focuses on several unique provisions of the treaty that judges and attorneys need to understand.     

“善优先于权利”的社群主义政治伦理观

社群主义主张“善优先于权利”的政治伦理观。社群本位是哲学基础,善优先于权利是核心表达,公益政治学”是具体主张。它试图把对自由、正义等的理解纳入社群的传统文化和传统德性的语境中把握。但是,社群主义并未真正突破西方的自由传统,它本身存在的矛盾和缺陷以及导致的道德相对主义倾向也使社群主义无法摆脱道德评价上的缺失和不足。     

从国际法的视角看我国当前人民币汇率政策的合法性

经济全球化对各国货币主权都产生了很大的冲击和影响。近来,我国的人民币汇率问题不断遭到西方国家的指控和非难。但是,从国际法的视角看,我国当前的货币政策是行使国家货币主权的一项重要内容和方式,符合IMF和WTO协定等国际法律文件的规范性要求,具有“合法性”。西方国家指责我国的汇率政策违反IMF和WTO协定是站不住脚的,干涉了我国的货币主权,而且缺乏国际法上的依据。     

美国反补贴法中“因果关系”的确定及其对我国的启示

在反补贴调查中,"因果关系"的审查和确定是决定反补贴措施是否公平合理的关键所在,各国对此做法不同、争论很大.在"因果关系"的确定上,WTO补贴与反补贴措施协议>的规定存在不明确之处,各国对其保留有相当程度的解释空间.美国反补贴法在因果关系上的用语与<补贴与反补贴措施协议>不同,同时还存在两个重要的争议因果关系是应存在于"进口"与"损害"之间,还是存在于"补贴"与"损害"之间;应同时决定还是别决定损害与因果关系.在因果关系的具体分析方法上,我国可借鉴美国的"整体分析法".     

Bases That Leave: Consequences of US Base Closures and Realignments in South Korea

ABSTRACT

Contrary to ample attention on American military base closures at home, the consequences of base closures abroad remain under-examined even as the American military continues to adjust its global force posture. South Korea, the third biggest host of US military bases overseas, is an under-investigated case despite offering useful insights applicable to other US base hosts. This article examines short-term local-level consequences of US base departures in South Korea, with a focus on environmental and redevelopment challenges that shape the political and economic fate of former base sites. Detailed analyses and interviews on the oft-overlooked fate of multiple post-military sites draw a rather unsettling picture: Most sites remain empty, temporarily deserted and heavily contaminated spaces plagued by redevelopment difficulties. When overseas American bases are closed, they leave problems behind and those problems persist long after base sites return to host communities.     

The transformation of hi no maru in postwar Okinawa: from symbol of hope to object of contempt

Starting in the early 1950s, the Japanese flag hi no maru was a cherished symbol in Okinawa of the movement for an end to the postwar U.S. military occupation and reversion to Japanese sovereignty. The flag represented an appeal for liberation from U.S. military rule that dragged on for twenty years (1945–1972) after mainland Japan regained its sovereignty in 1952; and, for elimination, or at least reduction, of the overwhelming size and number of American bases on the island. However, the 1969 Okinawa Reversion Agreement between the U.S. and Japanese governments broke both of the Japanese government’s promises that, after reversion, Okinawa would have no nuclear weapons, and that U.S. bases would be reduced to mainland levels. The grossly disproportionate U.S. military remains to this day, and a “secret agreement” permits the United States to bring back nuclear weapons. Today many in Okinawa associate hi no maru with this discriminatory policy which imposes 74 percent of the total U.S. military presence in Japan on this small island prefecture comprising 0.2 percent of the nation’s land area. For historians, the flag also represents atrocities committed by Imperial Japanese soldiers during the Pacific War and the Japanese government’s continuing reluctance to acknowledge them.     

新加坡国际国内商事仲裁制度比较研究

新加坡是亚洲乃至世界上重要的新兴国际商事仲裁中心。为减少法院干预以支持国际商事仲裁发展,新加坡采取了国际国内仲裁分别立法的模式,形成了各具特色的国际国内仲裁法律制度体系。文章采用比较研究的方法,考察分析新加坡国际国内商事仲裁法律制度中的仲裁协议制度和仲裁裁决追诉制度等。     

IMF、WB和WTO的比较研究

被誉为世界经济三大支柱的国际货币基金组织、世界银行和关贸总协定 ,自成立以来 ,已走完了半个世纪的风雨历程。它们都对二战后世界经济的复苏和振兴起到了举足轻重的作用。然而 ,关贸总协定及世界贸易组织发展更为迅猛 ,从三大支柱中脱颖而出。展望世界经济发展前景 ,惟有加强三大支柱自身的改革和彼此之间的协调与合作 ,世界经济才能鼎足而立。     

Regulation by litigation

We believe that careful application of the logic of economics and public choice shines important light on regulation through litigation and can explain at least partly why regulators choose the litigation route, when they choose it, and how the choice may or may not achieve broad goals of efficiency and fairness. We present three case studies: heavy‐duty diesel engines, silica and asbestos, and the tobacco industry's Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).     

论民法典规范准用于行政协议

本文论述了民事规范准用于行政协议的问题。首先,要确定什么是行政协议,行政协议是设定、变更与废止行政权利义务的协议;其次,构成行政协议的情况下,考察是否存在特别规则,如果没有特别规则,而且确定存在法律漏洞的情况下,则可以准用民事规范。在准用民事规范时,要结合行政协议的特点,修正地进行适用。具体如在违法无效的情况下,必须是严重违反的情况下,才会导致行政协议的无效。在解除的情况下,要结合民法上继续性合同终止规则以及情势变更规则,进行法律适用。