合同成立探微

本文赞同当事人、意思表示一致和标的共同构成合同成立要件。无视标的作为合同的元素会带来不小的负面后果。意思表示一致即合意,对其判断和把握,在绝大多数的情况下,客观说/表示内容的一致论对双方当事人的利益平衡得更好,在合同欺诈、胁迫等场合采主观说/内心意思的一致论较为妥当。中国法及其理论也应当如此区分类型,确定有所差异的法律后果。在通常情况下,沉默不构成承诺,因为要约人没有理由因为受要约人的沉默而相信受要约人做出了承诺。而且,要约人无法通过约定沉默构成承诺以免受要约人不经意间做出承诺。但在特殊的情况下,可以将沉默视为承诺,如双方当事人之间已经形成如下交易惯例,或当地业已存在着如下交易习惯:一方当事人向相对人发出要约,相对人未在要约指定的期间内答复也视为接受。在这种背景下,受要约人在收到要约后沉默,视为已经承诺。关于确认书的地位及效力,本文认为,在有确认书的场合,合同何时成立,首先由当事人的意思表示来决定,由于于此场合不涉及公序良俗的问题,应当贯彻意思自治原则。如果通过解释当事人的意思这条路径仍难得出妥当的结论,则有必要借鉴德国和美国的立法、判例和学说所形成的规则或意见,丰富中国民法的理论,服务于中国民法的实践。     

东北亚核安全缺失与供给模式改进——基于国际公共产品视角

核安全是东北亚重要但短缺的公共产品。从公共产品的理论解释与客观现实的具体反映看,全球组织和域外霸权国都无法实现东北亚核安全的持续、有效供给,域内国家加强合作是弥补地区核安全缺失不可忽视的重要方面。东北亚核安全供给模式改进是在共商、共建、共享原则基础上,传统核安全由中俄美三个合法拥核大国共同协调、域内其他国家参与提供,非传统核安全由中日韩共同主导、携手域内其他国家平等参与提供,推动东北亚核安全从域外力量主导、同盟辅助的霸权供给模式逐步向域内实力国家主导、其他国家平等参与的多边合作供给模式转变。     

《弟子规》对现代心理健康指导意义解读

《弟子规》不仅是一部幼童启蒙读物,同时也是一部具有心理健康指导意义的书籍。《弟子规》从正确处理人际关系、人与环境关系、自我定位等三方面提出了中肯建议,引导人们建立和谐的身心世界,不断完善自己的人格品行,最终达到臻善完美的圣贤境界。     

Mozambique’s post-war success story: Is it time to revisit the narrative?

Over the past years since the signing of the Rome peace Accords, Mozambique has generally been regarded as an exemplary African post war success story. However, events in the last four years illuminate something different. This article will show that the low intensity but violent clashes between FRELIMO government forces and former rebel group RENAMO are not just a mere manifestation of Mozambican’s government inability to consolidate post war gains. These clashes could be framed and located within the broader context of complexities associated with transforming a peace Accord into a genuine and sustainable postwar peace dividend. It seems the success was largely registered in terms of reducing direct violence by creating negative peace. Even though negative peace was good, it was unfortunately not adequate. This article also argues that the success narrative lulled many including Mozambicans into ignoring fissures in the area of structural violence which effectively limited the country’s ability to progress towards positive peace. Despite all this, however, this article will concur with the belief that an outright full scale war is still highly improbable, but not impossible because RENAMO is still capable of spoiling and eroding the registered post war gains.     

《美韩自由贸易协定》的新变化及其背后的动态博弈

《美韩自由贸易协定》达成后,其进展并不顺利。经过两次追加谈判,历时四年多,最终获得美韩两国国会的批准。本文以2011年2月10日美韩双方签署的新协定为切入点,首先论述了《美韩自由贸易协定》的新变化及其实质,进而从理论和实证两方面对这种新变化背后美国国内政治的动态博弈进行了阐述。通过分析,充分再现了美国国内政治博弈对《美韩自由贸易协定》的内容和走向施加影响的过程,并由此看出,美国政治体制的掣肘已经成为美国迫使对方做出妥协或更大让步以实现自身利益最大化的筹码。     

Can hyperlinks and digital rights management secure affordable access to information?

Digital Rights Management Systems (DRMs) related control mechanism, which are analogous to and augment the exclusive rights, have been the subject of debate since the early 1980s. DRMs, which function like an electronic security guard that ‘never leaves its post, never takes a break and never sleeps,¹ can invade the privacy of individuals, prevent competition and/or control access to a work that is not or is no longer copyright protected. Hyperlinks are citations of an electronic address, but when clicked they navigate the user to the source of further information, including codes circumventing DRMs. This article accepts that the excesses of DRMs can outreach copyright and/or contract law, but argues that DRMs provide an opportunity for innovative business models, which can both protect digital works and promote free use of hyperlinks. Part 1 outlines the background and legislative provisions related to DRMs. It contrasts the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 1996,² Articles 11 and 12, with corresponding provisions found in the implementing legislation of the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 1998,³ and the EU Copyright Directive (EUCD) 2001.⁴ It also examines the intellectual property aspects of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Europe's Anti-counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA).⁵ Part 2 debates opposing academic opinion and comments on case law relating to DRMs, including the use of hyperlinks as a way of trafficking circumvention technology and/or facilitating unauthorised access to a copyright work. It assesses the extent to which DRMs might inhibits the development of new products, prevents competition, or invades the privacy of individuals, and points to the opportunities a consumer group-rightholder negotiated model end user licence can offer. Part 3 concludes that DRMs bolsters the clutches of the rightholder, but reduce unauthorised access to information thus minimising revenue loss, which can make hyperlinked ‘consumer’ access to information ‘affordable,’ or even free.     

诚实信用原则对于规范行政权行使的意义——对当前学说及司法实践的检讨

诚实信用原则应当作为与信赖保护原则、依法行政原则、比例原则、平等原则等行政法基本原则相平行的一项原则引入行政法体系,使其作为法解释之基准,担负补充既有法律规范的漏洞、修正法律体系中的错误之机能。诚实信用原则在行政法领域的适用受公益优先、平等原则以及依法行政等原则的限制,是否应予适用,须以利益衡量方法定夺之。诚实信用原则的规范意涵需在个案中加以确定,但须对个案所应符合的最低限度的标准有所认识。     

《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》第25条分析

《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》的颁行改变了《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》实施期间的法律关系主体结构,政府作为征收一方直接与被征收人发生法律联系。该条例第25条所规定的房屋征收补偿协议宜认定为行政合同,该条第2款有关规定实质上设立了一种新的行政合同履行纠纷的解决方式。不过,该条规定的实施受到了现行《行政诉讼法》的限制。新的行政合同履行纠纷解决方式是否真正建立,有待进一步论证。     

山东省良种工程推进过程及前景展望

改革开放以来，山东省农林牧渔业中的名优特良种迅速得到培育，迅速得以普及，山东的农业效益得到了较大提升。但良种工程推进中存在良种研究机构组织不合理、科研与生产脱节等问题。应建立信息化农作物良种产业，不断加强对自主知识产权种子的培育研发，大力实施农业科技入户示范工程以促进农业产业结构调整，优化产品区域布局。     

华兹华斯诗学中的语言乌托邦王国

在批判继承英国经验主义哲学家约翰·洛克的语言观的基础上，华兹华斯诗学形成了自已语言观的三大基本原则：一是语言重要性原则；二是语言规约性原则；三是情感表达性原则。现代语言学理论已证明了华兹华斯诗学中语言规约性原则带有明显的理想色彩。由于语言规约建立的不可能性，导致了华兹华斯诗学中的语言乌托邦王国的产生。