Restitutionary Remedies in the Contractual Context

Contracting parties sometimes have a claim to recover money paid in advance, or for reasonable payment for work done under the contract, commonly described as restitutionary remedies. This claim arising out of a contract is nowadays generally regarded as a non‐contractual, unjust enrichment claim governed by the modern law of unjust enrichment, by contrast with a contractual claim for damages or specific performance. The article argues that the claim is contractual, and that this is relevant to determining when it should be available and what the measure of recovery should be. In particular, it is argued that this follows from the proper understanding of the form of agreement made by contracting parties. The argument involves discussion of doctrinal categories such as contract and unjust enrichment, the relationship between primary and remedial rights in contract, the nature of contractual agreement, and the protection of reliance in contract.     

知识产权法"利益平衡说"之反思:自然法与功利主义之比较

“利益平衡说”被认为是知识产权法之基本原则或基本精神,旨在平衡权利人个人利益与社会公共利益之冲突,并以此解释知识产权法的制度构成。依自然法理论,知识产权之正当性因其自然获得性,相关权利与限制是确定权利的正当边界,维护以个人权利为基础之社会契约。功利主义理论则认为知识产权保护是实现社会效用之必要工具,经由排他性权利及其限制来达至社会效用最大化。无论限制或保护权利均有可能产生对权利或社会效用的正面或负面作用。由此,利益平衡的二元价值目标论值得商榷。知识产权法的根本问题是以个人权利为导向还是以社会效用为终极价值之选择问题。     

团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用

团体心理辅导是心理咨询的是一种方式,经过多年的实践,已在全国学校、社区和医院等人员相对集中的场所推广使用,近年来在部队心理工作中运用,取得了较好的效果。本文就团体心理辅导在基层部队中运用的优越性、具体操作方法、采取方式以及所产生的效果进行阐述,探讨团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用。     

农村妇女土地承包经营权之法律保障——以社会性别为视角

土地权利是农村妇女实现自我生存与发展的重要保障。虽然我国现行法律对农村妇女土地承包经营权有了较为明确的规定,但从实际操作来看,各农村地区侵害妇女土地承包经营权的情形还是时有发生。究其根源,仍在于男女两性的生理差别和由来已久的“男女平等”较量。因此,有必要在农村妇女的权益保障中引入社会性别视角,从提高法律法规的实际可操作性;强化行政司法救济途径等入手,为真正实现农村妇女土地承包经营权提供法律保障。     

环境公益诉讼原告资格比较研究与借鉴——以美国、印度和欧盟为例

我国环境公益诉讼原告资格的研究和设定应当走出"美国中心主义"的窠臼,在一个更为宽广的视野中进行比较分析.作为环境公益诉讼制度发源地的美国,其原告资格采用"事实上的损害"标准,印度则采用"充分利益"标准,欧盟的环境公益诉讼制度建立虽晚,但其发展迅速,建立了纯粹的公益诉讼制度,即将原告资格赋予与案件没有利害关系的符合一定标准的环境保护团体.我国立法应当以环境行政公益诉讼为核心,将原告资格范围局限于环境非政府组织为宜.     

困境与出路：中国法中的“转租收入”留置权——以《中华人民共和国海商法》第141条为视角的解释论

《中华人民共和国海商法》第141条规定的出租人对承租人转租船舶收入的＂留置权＂,由于缺乏＂占有＂要件而无法有效成立。借鉴英国法经验,提出这一权利在中国法中是一种特别法下的＂债权让与＂行为,应适用《中华人民共和国合同法》的相关规定。租船合同中的＂留置权条款＂应解释为承租人作为让与人,将收取转租合同下的运费或租金之债权转让给作为受让人的出租人,出租人得向次承租人发出支付转租运费或租金的通知,以清偿承租人原合同下所欠付的租金。在债权＂二重让与＂的情形下,中国宜采纳＂通知对抗主义＂的立法模式,即以向债务人发出通知的时间来确定何者取得债权。     

Preparation of a low-cost fingerprint powder that harnesses white light to emit long-lived phosphorescence

An inexpensive, commercially available doped strontium aluminate phosphor with long-lived afterglow has been prepared and assessed in the role of a luminescent fingerprint dusting powder. Blue, green, and aqua phosphorescence persisting for ca. 30 s was obtainable from treated fingermarks after charging the powders with the white light (400–700 nm) setting of a forensic light source. Imaging the phosphorescent afterglow enabled the elimination of background emissions encountered during latent fingermark examination. This was demonstrated by visualising fingermarks on substrates that possess inbuilt fluorescent security features and highly patterned substrate backgrounds, without any need for bespoke scientific equipment.