Investment Treaty Law and the Fear for Sovereignty: Transnational Challenges and Solutions

This article addresses the vagueness, and the interpretative challenges associated with, international investment agreements (IIAs) and develops a new normative framework for interpreting these treaties. It focuses on the historical embedding of investment protection as a means of facilitating economic development as well as upon its synthetic public law nature. The analysis shows that a teleological approach to interpretation imposes boundaries on the meaning of substantive IIA provisions. The article then elaborates how the transnational dimension of IIAs provides a benchmark, which is the level of protection offered to economic actors against interference by the state in countries with the highest rule of law standards. The article then shows how the resulting challenges of comparative public law could be addressed through the methodology of re‐ and pre‐statement of transnational uniform ‘principles’: sophisticated and detailed rules striking the proper balance between private economic interests and the public regulatory interest, so as to provide more legal certainty for both investors and host states.     

Ancestry and BMI Influences on Facial Soft Tissue Depths for A Cohort of Chinese and Caucasoid Women in Dunedin,New Zealand

This study measured and assessed facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) in adult female Chinese and New Zealand (NZ) Europeans (Caucasoids). Ultrasound was used to obtain depths at nine landmarks on 108 healthy subjects (51 Chinese, 57 NZ European), erect positioned, of same age group (18–29 years). Height and weight were also recorded. Statistical analysis focused on comparison of tissue depth between the two ancestry groups and the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²). Results showed mean depth differences at Supra M2 and Infra M2 landmarks significantly greater for Chinese than Caucasoid women for all three BMI Classes (BMI <20, 20 ≤ BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30), even BMI <20. For both groups BMI positively correlated with FSTD values at all landmarks except Labrale superius. This study enabled ancestry and BMI influence on FSTDs to be observed and compared for two distinct groups. Results add to knowledge about facial tissue depth variation.     

例以辅律 非以代律——谈《清史稿·刑法志》律例关系之说的片面性

《清史稿·刑法志》夸大了清代律与例之间的冲突 ,一味抬高了例的地位 ,认为例优于律 ,甚至“以例破律” ,“以例代律” ,而律则“多成虚文”。本文引证史料 ,对此观点提出质疑 ,论证了律为主导 ,“以例辅律”才是律例关系的主流。     

中药三七辨析

明代医家张四维1576年在<医门秘旨>中首载三七;随后,李时珍在<本草纲目>中记载了五加科的三七和另一种具有活血化瘀作用的类似三七的植物;清代赵学敏在<本草纲目拾遗>中将三七和人参联系在一起,归于昭参条下;清代吴其浚在<植物名实图考>中进一步描述了三七的功效,并指出<本草纲目>中记载的类似三七的植物是土三七,即菊叶三七.     

WTO与刑事侦查改革

加入WTO后 ,司法独立对我国刑事侦查行政化的冲击 ,国际刑事司法准则与我国刑事侦查的矛盾 ,对我国现行刑事侦查制度提出了挑战 ,保障人权理念对侦查人员的素质提出了更高的要求。为适应形势发展需要 ,我国现行刑事侦查制度应在现有体制下进行改革 ,实行刑事侦查司法化 ,刑事侦查人员精英化 ,充分体现保障人权的理念     

七种药物对微小牛蜱的半数致死浓度测定

用浸渍法测定了楝素、三氟氯氰菊酯、苦皮藤、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、哒嗪酮、螨净 7种药物对未吸血的微小牛蜱 (Boophilusmicroplus)幼蜱、若蜱、成蜱及其饱血雌蜱的半数致死浓度(LC50 )。结果显示 ,所用药物中半数致死浓度最低的 3种药物是楝素、三氟氯氰菊酯、苦皮藤。植物性杀虫剂楝素对未吸血微小牛蜱的幼蜱、若蜱、成蜱及饱血雌蜱的半数致死浓度分别为3.0 1～ 3.13、4 .37～ 4 .77、11.18～ 11.36、2 75 .5 0～ 2 76 .5 0mg/L ;植物性杀虫剂苦皮藤对未吸血微小牛蜱的幼蜱、若蜱、成蜱及饱血雌蜱的半数致死浓度分别为 4 .2 2～ 4 .4 2、10 .30～ 10 .5 0、82 .5 0～82 .70、6 35 .30～ 6 36 .70mg/L ;人工合成的除虫菊酯类的三氟氯氰菊酯对未吸血微小牛蜱的幼蜱、若蜱、成蜱及饱血雌蜱的半数致死浓度分别为 3.4 2～ 3.4 4、7.10～ 9.0 6、4 2 .30～ 4 2 .5 0、5 45 .5 0～5 46 .70mg/L。     

心肌及传导组织内3种蛋白的变化与SMDS的相关性

目的 观察心肌及传导组织内肌动蛋白、血浆白蛋白及纤维连接蛋白的染色变化，探讨青壮年猝死综合征(SMDS)死后诊断的新方法。方法 应用免疫组化S-P法，对SMDS及冠心病猝死者心肌及传导系统内肌动蛋白、血浆白蛋白和纤维连接蛋白的进行染色观察。结果 22例SMDS例猝死者心肌及传导系统内的肌动蛋白缺染17例；血浆白蛋白染色阳性18例；纤维连接蛋白染色阳性15例。并发现在SMDS中，8例有CCS严重病变。结论 心肌及传导系统内血浆蛋白、肌动蛋白改变与SMDS密切相关，部分SMDS病例死前存在早期心肌缺血或梗死的改变。     

含74个腺嘌呤poly(A)尾的猪水泡病病毒HK/70株3''''非编码区的克隆及其特征分析

应用3′RACE法降落式扩增并克隆了猪水泡病病毒(SVDV)HK/70株基因组3′端的真实序列.测序结果表明,所扩增的目的基因片段长4 200 nt,包括非结构蛋白编码区(P2和P3)、3′端非编码区和poly(A)尾,其中3′NTR位于终止密码子TAA之后,长99 nt,poly(A)至少含有74个腺嘌呤碱基.经与参考毒株进行序列比较,结果显示, HK/70株与J1′73、H/3′76和AUG/22/90株的核苷酸同源性较高,为99.0%(仅第65位碱基不同),而与NET/1/92参考毒株的核苷酸同源性较低,为83.3%,与人柯萨奇病毒B5 UK/54株(UK/54-CB5)的同源性为75.7%.同时对3′NTR的二级结构进行分析,并与参考毒株和CB5毒株的二级结构进行了比较.结果表明,它们具有协同变异性,有共同的祖先,显示出3′NTR存在支持其功能所必需的一些结构域.     

Y-STR基因座应用于刑事案件的独特作用

目的探讨Y-STR基因座在刑事案件中的应用价值。方法采用Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增技术,结合案例应用。结果Y-STR基因座对于涉及男女混合、多名男性混合样本、性别鉴定、父权鉴定等案例中具有特有应用价值。结论Y-STR基因座可应用于法庭科学中的个体识别与同一认定,但在应用中要注意各种特例的发生。     

From Development to Empowerment: The Self-Employed Women's Association in India

Since the 1970s, development experts have increasingly focused on how development policies and strategies affect women in developing countries. In recent years, the emphasis has included empowerment, which increases women's decision-making capability and well-being. This essay is an account of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) in India, a trade union for self-employed women since 1972. It analyzes the strategies that SEWA has used to mobilize and empower self-employed women in India, using materials and data collected on a field visit in 1998.