禽流感病毒RT-PCR及多重RT-PCR检测技术的建立

研究建立了禽流感病毒(AIV)A型、H5、N1、H9、N2亚型特异性RT-PCR及H5/N1、H9/N2、A/H5/N1多重RT-PCR检测技术,用于检测或同时检测和鉴别A型及H5N1、H9N2亚型AIV。所建立的RT-PCR和多重RT-PCR从核酸提取、基因扩增到产物分析在3~4h内即可完成,经对36株AIV及相关病毒分离物检测,与病毒分离鉴定的结果完全一致,且与相关病毒或其他亚型无交叉反应。采用多重RT-PCR检测80份棉拭子样品,并与病毒分离鉴定方法比较,二者H5N1、H9N2亚型的鉴定结果完全吻合。结果表明,该方法具有快速、敏感、特异等优点,为临诊样品中AIV型及H5N1、H9N2亚型鉴定和诊断的有效方法。     

H5和H7亚型禽流感病毒多重反转录聚合酶链反应快速检测及鉴别方法的建立

参考禽流感病毒(AIV)M基因和HA基因序列设计了3对引物,其中1对为针对不同HA亚型AIV的通用引物,另外2对为分别针对AIVH5和H7亚型的特异性引物。这些引物所扩增的cDNA片段大小分别为244、860和634bp。利用这3对引物,通过对多重RTPCR扩增条件的优化,成功建立了快速检测鉴别AIVH5、H7亚型的多重RTPCR技术。特异性和敏感性试验结果表明,该技术对AIVH5亚型同时扩增出2条大小分别为244bp和860bp的cDNA片段;对AIVH7亚型同时扩增出2条大小分别为244bp和634bp的cDNA片段;对AIVH5和H7亚型混合样品能同时扩增出3条大小分别为244、860和634bp的cDNA片段;对其他AIVHA亚型只扩增出1条244bp的cDNA片段;对其他常见禽病病原扩增均为阴性;该多重RTPCR对AIVRNA、AIVH5和AIVH7亚型RNA的最低检出量分别为10、100和100pg。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒反应原性差异及ELISA检测方法的研究

在获得禽流感病毒多克隆抗体及H5亚型特异性单克隆抗体的基础上,建立了H5亚型特异性抗原捕捉ELISA检测方法。通过分析不同单克隆抗体与不同禽流感毒株的反应性差异,筛选高特异性和高敏感性的H5亚型单克隆抗体。优化反应条件,确定包被抗体、检测抗体及酶标抗体的最佳工作浓度,进行敏感性、特异性、重复性及稳定性分析,并与斑点ELISA、H5N1多重RT-PCR或病毒分离鉴定的结果相比较,同时使用该方法对野外样品进行了检测。结果表明,该方法敏感、特异,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于检测临床样品、鸡胚培养物及细胞培养物中的H5亚型禽流感病毒。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒RT-LAMP快速检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中登录的H5亚型禽流感病毒(H5-AIV)血凝素基因序列,设计了1套特异识别HA基因序列中6个不同区段的环介导恒等温扩增(LAMP)引物,并以此套引物建立了一种基于LAMP技术的H5亚型禽流感病毒诊断方法。结果表明,该方法对H5-AIV RNA的最小检测限为10-6,灵敏性高于一步RT-PCR方法;全部反应可在1.5 h内完成;在反应体系中添加SYBR GREENⅠ染料后,可通过肉眼观察有无荧光直接判定结果。灵敏性及特异性试验证明,该方法灵敏度高、特异性好,能够作为H5亚型禽流感病毒的快速诊断方法。     

福建汉族人群21个常染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查福建汉族人群21个常染色体STR基因座多态性参数,评估GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒的法医学应用价值。方法应用GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒复合扩增检测741名福建汉族无关个体,计算21个常染色体STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果 21个常染色体STR基因座的基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05),21个STR遗传标记均具有高度多态性,杂合度为0.589~0.914,个体识别率为0.754~0.992,多态信息含量为0.520~0.940,非父排除率为0.278~0.825。其中以SE33基因座多态性程度最高。结论 GlobalFilerTM Express试剂盒的21个STR基因座有较强的系统效能,该试剂盒可应用于福建汉族人群的法医学个体识别及亲权鉴定。     

The impact of women above the political glass ceiling: Evidence from a Norwegian executive gender quota reform

Women have historically been underrepresented in democratic assemblies, particularly in top positions with executive powers. Most gender quota reforms address this by mandating a more equal gender representation on election lists. In contrast, a 1992 legislative reform in Norway required parties' candidate lists for the local executive board to comprise at least 40% politicians of each gender. This legal change was not only exogenously imposed by a higher-level government, but also generated distinct quota-induced constraints across Norwegian municipalities. We exploit the resulting variation in ‘quota shocks’ using a difference-in-differences design to identify the quota's effect on women's political representation as well as local public policies. We find that more women enter the executive board after the reform, though spill-overs on women's representation in the local council and on the probability of a female mayor or top administrator are weak. We also find no consistent evidence for shifts in public policies due to increased representation of women in positions with executive powers.     

Sacred Belonging: Writing,Religion and Community in H.D.'s Second World War Novels

Abstract: This article considers two works from H.D.'s Second World War writing: The Gift and The Sword Went Out to Sea. In these texts, H.D. situates herself in the context of diverse intimate communities: her spiritualist circle, her partnership with Bryher, her family and previous generations of Moravians. These communities ground her personal vision of writing as a spiritual exercise that will bring healing to both the individual psyche and the wider society ravaged by war. The significance of community is such that when she becomes isolated, desolation and breakdown follow. The restoration of communication and community through vision and writing leads to healing and a particular understanding of religious modernism as a unity of spiritual and material, transcendent and ordinary.     

Civil Rights and Social Welfare: Some Thoughts on the Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall

This article draws on T H Marshall's celebrated classification of civil, political and social rights to examine the use of the courts by individuals seeking to establish rights to particular forms or models of welfare service provision. It argues that tensions between the collective and individual aspects of social rights, the relationship of social rights to inequality, and the difficulty of quantifying (and therefore enforcing) legitimate expectations, all make the use of litigation to establish social rights intensely problematic. Drawing on the recent UK Supreme Court case of R (on the Application of McDonald) v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, it goes on to suggest that it is unhelpful to think of social rights in terms of human rights: instead, we would do better to adopt Marshall's emphasis on the citizenship basis of social rights and on the social and political context within which they necessarily exist.     

哈特法哲学的风格与方法——解读《法律的概念》

对《法律的概念》这一经典的解读必须回到文本本身，而不是游离于文本之外空发议论。通过对文本的细致梳理，本文发现，哈特的“三提示”对于我们理解其思想的主题有重要意义。从方法论上来讲，解读哈特的要旨在于：J．L，奥斯丁的“言语行为理论”在实质上究竟是如何与哈特的问题意识相关的。     

Parentally imprinted allele (PIA) typing in the differentially methylated region upstream of the human H19 gene

The H19 gene is a paternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 11p15.5. In this study, the H19FR1 and H19FR2 haplotype polymorphisms including four and three SNPs, respectively, upstream of the H19 gene according to the GenBank sequence (accession no. AF125183) were investigated. Five haplotypes and nine genotypes were detected for H19FR1 in the Chinese Han population by means of PCR and subsequent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The power of discrimination (Dp), polymorphism information content (PIC) and probability of paternity exclusion (PE) were estimated to be 0.803, 0.58 and 0.322, respectively. For the H19FR2, two haplotypes and three genotyes were observed, and the Dp, PIC and PE were 0.626, 0.37 and 0.162, respectively. Sequencing results showed that only two of the four reported SNPs, a7342g and g7547a, were detected in H19FR1 in the Chinese Han population, and two new SNPs, g7351c and a7357g, were found. In the H19FR2 region, only one of the three reported SNPs, a8097g, was detected. Based on the methylation status of the genomic DNA, selective detection of the parental alleles for H19FRs was examined by using two types of enzymes, the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (msRE) HpaII or HhaI and McrBC. Genomic DNA digested by either HpaII or HhaI, revealed a single band derived from the paternal allele, as a result of cleavage of unmethylated recognition sites on the maternal allele. On the contrary, the use of McrBC, which can digest a methylated paternal sequence, resulted in exclusively amplifying the maternal allele. This parentally imprinted allele (PIA) typing method could be one of the useful techniques for discriminating the parental origin of alleles.