Same Crime,Different Time: Why we Need an Amended Guideline for Repeat Offenders to Minors

Currently there is a circuit split between the Second and Ninth Circuits in determining whether or not to apply previous juvenile sex offenses to the sentencing of an adult sex offender. The Second Circuit feels it is within the trial court's discretion to apply an enhancement of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines by applying either a juvenile adjudicated or unadjudicated sex offense to the sentencing of an adult offender. The Ninth Circuit sees that as improper and only adult sex offenses should be counted toward the sentencing of adult sex offenses. Due to the vague language of this enhancement, the determination of how to apply this is up to the court's discretion. This Note proposes that the U.S. Sentencing Commission amend section 4B1.5, and decide in favor of the Ninth Circuit due to the plain text reading of the statute, as well as the intent of the guideline itself alongside the “rule of lenity” as understood in the Ninth Circuit's reasoning of only applying adult offenses to the sentencing of that adult later on in life. The positive public policy of rehabilitation of juvenile offenders would be served greatly by this amendment to this guideline. By eliminating the possibility of having such an offense count against a juvenile in the future would allow and encourage those juveniles to take positive steps toward their future.     

婴幼儿脑干脑炎EV71-VP1、PSGL-1和SCARB2的表达

目的观察人肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)、P选择素糖蛋白配体1(P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1,PSGL-1)和人清道夫受体B2(scavenger receptor B2,SCARB2)在婴幼儿脑干脑炎的表达,探究PSGL-1、SCARB2与EV71间的联系及EV71感染人体后可能的侵染途径和机制。方法收集EV71-VP1染色阳性的10例婴幼儿的器官、组织进行PSGL-1、SCARB2免疫组织化学染色,并与EV71-VP1免疫组织化学染色结果相比较。结果 EV71-VP1在脑内神经元、胶质细胞、血管周呈"袖套样"浸润的炎症细胞,胃底腺壁细胞呈强阳性;肺泡巨噬细胞,肠腺上皮细胞及黏膜层淋巴小结、腭扁桃体中淋巴细胞呈中度阳性;肠系膜淋巴结、脾的淋巴细胞中呈弱阳性。PSGL-1仅在胃底腺壁细胞,腭扁桃体隐窝鳞状上皮组织,肺泡巨噬细胞及各组织白细胞中表达。SCARB2除肠、脾组织外均有表达。结论 SCARB2与EV71组织分布具有相关性,在病毒的侵染及复制过程中起重要作用。胃可能是EV71复制的一个重要部位。     

企业信息化系统的方案设计

企业信息化已经成为企业的命脉和核心竞争力的重要手段。合理地利用好信息技术,企业的效率和竞争力就会大大提升。文中对最新的信息化技术进行了深入的分析,并给出了某制造企业的信息化开发方案。     

武汉汉族8个Y染色体双等位基因标记遗传多态性

目的筛选汉族群体中具有多态性的Y染色体双等位基因标记并研究其等位基因及单体群频率分布, 为法医学应用和群体进化研究提供基础数据。方法采用片段长度差异等位基因特异性PCR和PAGE技术对武汉地区160名男性汉族无关个体的8个Y染色体双等位基因标记(M9、M89、M111、M119、M122、M134、IMS-JST003305 和SRY+465)进行分型。结果 8个双等位基因标记在武汉汉族群体中均具有遗传多态性,其基因多样性(GD)范围为 0．0126-0．4830,共检出9种不同单体群(Hg1～9),其单体群多样性(HD)为0．7776。结论 8个Y染色体双等位基因标记组成的单体群在法医学应用和群体进化研究中具有一定的实用价值,可作为Y-STRs标记的有效补充。     

Comparison of German population data on the apoB-HVR locus with other Caucasian, Asian and Black populations

A population study of 505 unrelated individuals from Southwestern Germany was carried out on the 3′-apoB hypervariable region (HVR). After amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis, 15 different alleles and 47 genotypes were observed. The most common alleles were hypervariable elements (HVE) 37 and 35 with an allele frequency of 0.374 and 0.244, respectively. The heterozygosity index was calculated to be 78.4%. Allele frequencies of this study are compared with results from other databases obtained from a French, a Spanish, an Asian and an American (Black) population.     

屠宰猪肝和血清中乙型肝炎病毒及戊型肝炎病毒的检测

应用1对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)S基因保守区的引物,采用PCR方法从屠宰猪肝、血清中检测到了HBV,序列分析表明,扩增片段与已发表的HBV S基因的同源性高达98%~100%。电镜负染色样品观察结果表明,在HBV表面抗原ELISA检测强阳性反应的血清样品中存在有形态、大小与人HBV Dane颗粒和小球状颗粒相似的病毒粒子。针对戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2/ORF3重叠区设计了简并引物,采用巢式RT-PCR对屠宰猪肝和血清样品进行了检测。结果表明,部分屠宰猪肝中存在HEV。     

乐果亚急性暴露对大鼠胆碱酯酶浓度及细胞色素P450亚型表达量的影响

对6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠5次灌胃给予20%LD_(50)的乐果,观察给药后大鼠的毒性反应,每日测定实验鼠采食量、饮水量和体重。最后一次给药后第24 h,采用丁酰硫代胆碱法测定大鼠红细胞、血清和脑组织中的胆碱酯酶浓度,并采用定量RT-PCR法检测大鼠肝中细胞色素P450基因8个亚型的表达量。结果表明,大鼠用药后不同时间内出现了有机磷药物中毒的典型症状,其采食量、饮水量和体重明显下降,红细胞、血清和脑组织中胆碱酯酶浓度均明显低于对照组,肝细胞色素P450的8个亚型中CYP2B1/2的表达量明显高于对照组。     

大鼠皮肤挫伤后NF-κB mRNA表达与损伤时间关系

目的应用实时定量PCR技术检测大鼠皮肤挫伤后NF-κB mRNA时序性表达规律，分析其与损伤时间的关系。方法制备大鼠皮肤挫伤模型，于伤后0．5，1，6，12，18，24，30h取材，一步法提取总RNA，检测其完整性和浓度，按照0．4μg总RNA量逆转录合成第一链cDNA，以rlp32为内参基因进行荧光定量检测，采用△Ct法比较其与正常皮肤组织NF-κB mRNA表达的倍数关系。结果皮肤挫伤组织中NF-κB mRNA伤后0．5h表达显著增强（P〈0．05），6h出现高峰，12h降至正常水平，随后略有回升。结论大鼠皮肤挫伤组织NF-κB mRNA的表达，随着损伤经过时间的延长呈规律性变化。     

EU citizens: Challenging the notion of German National Political Community, 1990–2005

This article assesses the extent to which Germany's adaptation of European Union legal norms through altering the criteria for access to territory and rights has challenged the judicial and conceptual boundaries of its notion of national political community. It compares the policies that directly affected EU citizens’ and other immigrant groups’ access to German territory, citizenship and social integration programs. It may be seen that, in enjoying a unique and privileged position between Germans and the other foreigners, this group not only challenges and undermines the justification for this very distinction, but also transforms the concept of ‘otherness’.     

C/S、B/S结构相结合的教师工作量统计系统设计

基于C/S、B/S体系结构相结合的教师工作量统计系统采用的软件平台和基本技术,具有准确、安全、简易的特色,可以对教师工作量进行有效的管理和统计。