刑事复权制度研究

从刑罚改革与发展的趋势来看,资格刑刑种的丰富有现实必然性。与自由刑的减刑、假释制度相匹配,建构资格刑的复权制度是十分必要的。这不仅因为复权制度有其存在的普遍正当性,也有别于前科消灭、赦免制度的特殊正当性。基于此,考虑到在资格刑执行过程中重建犯罪惩治与人权保障方面的需要,我们应当及早建立中国刑事复权制度。     

职务犯罪判决轻刑化的混沌原因分析

近些年来,法院对职务犯罪案件判处较轻刑罚甚至给予较多缓刑,在业内被称为职务犯罪轻刑化。轻刑化成为近年来法律界和全国人代会上热议的法律问题,也成为了检察工作面临的难题。通过关注职务犯罪判决轻刑化的原因,我们可以发现职务犯罪判决轻刑化原因存在于立法、侦查、审判与法律监督的各个阶段,其中每一项原因都与其他原因相互关联,一项原因衍生出另一项原因,相互之间已经形成了一个原因的混沌状态。各种原因经过一定效用累积后,产生职务犯罪人轻刑判决的后果,始料未及却又在情理之中。发现这些原因对于今后职务犯罪案件办理、提高反腐成效大有裨益。     

浅析俄罗斯新税制——石油行业发展的十字路口

石油行业在俄罗斯产业结构中占重要地位。石油行业的税收收入是俄联邦财政预算收入的重要组成部分。俄联邦政府相关部门、石油企业经过多次博弈,对原油、成品油中轻油和重油税率进行了修改,旨在寻求国家财政预算收入与石油企业的投资收益之间的最佳平衡,在国家整个宏观经济调控与石油行业健康发展之间找到最好办法。进行海外油气合作、实施海外并购,一国的财税制度甚为重要。对"走出去"的中国油气公司、企业而言,了解和掌握俄罗斯新税制的通过、实施及其将产生何种影响甚为关键。     

罚金刑适用疑难问题探析

只有当犯罪分子行为时的经济情况能够作为犯罪情节之一的时候,才可以考虑其对罚金数额的影响。对未成年罪犯适用罚金刑,更有利于发挥刑罚的价值,但应尽可能地在罚金数额上予以减免。司法实践中虽然存在着不少"先缴后判"的做法,但该做法并不正当,缺乏明确的法律依据,甚至也缺乏司法解释的肯定。     

老年人犯罪从宽处罚机制研究

老年人犯罪是指60岁以上的老年人所实施犯罪行为的总称。老年人犯罪呈现以下特点：犯罪率低，犯罪年龄集中，文化程度低，男性居多，犯罪地域相对集中，累犯、前科少，共同犯罪较多，犯罪客体比较集中，诉前羁押率低，判处刑罚较轻。老年人犯罪从宽处罚，是周全弱势群体刑法保护的需要，是适应老年人刑事责任能力的需要，也是契合刑法谦抑性、人道性以及刑罚经济性、刑罚目的的需要．并且，中国立法史上历来存在“矜老”传统，而国外相关立法也值得借鉴。建议在实体法上，规定封老年犯罪人原则上从宽处罚，限制死刑、无期徒刑的适用，限制有期徒刑的最高期限，明确不构成累犯，放宽缓刑、减刑、假释的适用条件；在程序法上，规定对老年犯罪人慎捕慎诉，规定讯问审判时亲属在场权，完善指定辩护权，对刑罚执行予以特别关照。     

监狱刑罚执行制度的完善与创新——以构建和谐社会为视角

刑事司法是社会公平的最后防线,监狱是“最后防线”的最后屏障。监狱的刑罚效能直接或间接地影响着国家的长治久安,而刑罚执行制度则是监狱工作有效运行的根本保障。完善刑罚执行制度,对于惩罚和预防犯罪,保护公民合法权益,促进社会公平正义,最大限度地增加和谐因素,最大限度地减少不和谐因素,具有重要意义。因此,我们必须贯彻落实宽严相济的刑事司法政策,完善与创新监狱刑罚执行制度,以切实维护社会公平正义,实现社会和谐。     

Flexible enforcement and fine adjustment

This paper considers the level of, and changes in, optimal noncompliance penalties under the following conditions: (i) where the regulator responsible for setting policy parameters, such as a penalty, is different from (and thus may have a different objective from) the regulator responsible for enforcing existing regulations; and (ii) where enforcement behavior changes from one in which enforcers are unresponsive to overtures on the part of firms to increase compliance to one in which enforcers are responsive to such overtures. The model developed shows that when enforcers “switch” from unresponsive to responsive enforcement, the optimal penalties for noncompliance need to be reduced. The analysis also gives insights as to what variables dictate the degree of penalty reduction.     

论正义观对犯罪人刑事责任的影响——以正义观内涵的非恒定性为视角

社会关系决定下的正义具有主观性、具体性和变动性等特征,它在一个社会立法、司法、执法全过程中起着根本的指导作用,并直接决定着对法律的解释和对事实的认定,决定着定罪和量刑。正视正义的动态特征,对于正确处理案件,实现社会利益的平衡具有重要理论和现实意义。     

死刑复核程序的启动与复核方式

我国现有的死刑复核程序的启动方式是做出死刑判决的人民法院主动报请,不符合司法的被动性的要求,死刑复核程序应当采用二元的启动方式,即主要由被告人及其辩护人提出申请启动死刑复核程序,其余的由做出死刑裁判的人民法院依职权报请。最高人民法院根据死刑复核程序的启动方式的不同,能够很直观地对案件加以区分,采用不同的死刑复核方式,公正、高效地复核死刑案件。     

Forensic DNA evidence and the death penalty in the Philippines

The death penalty remains a contentious issue even though it has been abolished in countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, European Union member nations and some Asian countries such as Cambodia, East Timor and Nepal. Many argue that the irrevocability of the death penalty, in the face of potential erroneous convictions, can never justify its imposition. The Philippines, the first Asian country that abolished the death penalty in 1987, held the record for the most number of mandatory death offenses (30 offenses) and death eligible offenses (22 offenses) after it was re-imposed in 1994. Majority of death penalty convictions were decided based on testimonial evidence. While such cases undergo automatic review by the Supreme Court, the appellate process in the Philippines is not structured to accept post-conviction evidence, including DNA evidence.Because of the compelling nature of post-conviction DNA evidence in overturning death penalty convictions in the United States, different groups advocated its use in the Philippines. In one such case, People v Reynaldo de Villa, the defendant was charged with raping his 13-year-old niece that supposedly led to birth of a female child, a situation commonly known as ‘criminal paternity’. This paper reports the results of the first post-conviction DNA test using 16 Short Tandem Repeat (STR) DNA markers in a criminal paternity case (People v Reynaldo de Villa) and discusses the implications of these results in the Philippine criminal justice system.