欧洲国家非职业性石棉受害者补偿制度评介

欧洲是较早进口和消费石棉的地区，石棉的使用不但对劳动者造成损害，也对企业周边居民以及劳动者的家属造成身体损害。自20世纪90年代非职业性石棉受害者问题显现之后，一些国家开始关注非职业性石棉受害者补偿制度的构建。法国是建立这一制度最早的国家，其后，英国和比利时等国家也通过立法对非职业性石棉受害者给予补偿，不过，由于社会情势不同，这几个国家的相关制度也存在一定的差异。     

A qualitative exploration of the experience of restorative approaches in a forensic mental health setting

Restorative justice (RJ) is an intervention gaining worldwide recognition in criminal justice systems and other settings. There is a growing evidence base demonstrating positive outcomes in a number of domains, but we found no previous research focussed upon the use of RJ in a forensic mental health setting. This study used a constructivist grounded theory analysis of semi-structured interviews to explore and develop a deeper understanding of RJ practices interventions in such a setting. Ten participants including RJ facilitators, patients and mental health staff took part in research interviews. Restorative interventions were found to be congruent with models of mental health and offender recovery. Processing emotions, developing thinking and coherent narrative, and immediacy are found to be key components of the intervention. The emergent model highlights the role of containment and a high level of facilitator skill when working with a complex, vulnerable and potentially unstable client group.     

浅析传染病病人和传染病疑似病人的人身自由权利

本文通过对传染病病人和传染病疑似病人人身自由权利内涵和外延的分析 ,论证了限制传染病病人和传染病疑似病人人身自由的法律依据。同时 ,本文从制定法的角度评述了传染病病人和传染病疑似病人的法律责任以及对侵害传染病病人和传染病疑似病人人身自由权利的法律救济方式。     

Using financial intelligence to target online fraud victimisation: applying a tertiary prevention perspective

Abstract

It is well established that policing in an online environment is fraught with challenges. To combat losses attributed to online fraud, Australia has seen the emergence of a victim-oriented approach, which uses financial intelligence to identify potential victims and deliberately intervenes through the sending of a letter. This approach predominantly targets victims of advance fee fraud and romance fraud who are sending money to West African countries. The current article presents three Australian case studies: Project Sunbird (West Australian Police and West Australian Department of Commerce); Operation Disrepair (South Australian Police); and the National Scams Disruption Project (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). The article locates these cases within existing theory on crime prevention, using available data to document initial positive outcomes. Overall, this article supports the use of a victim-oriented tertiary approach to online fraud, and advocates its potential to reduce both repeat victimisation and the harm incurred through online fraud.     

Secondary victimization and the collective identity of crime victims: a qualitative analysis of Swedish crime news discourse

This article presents an analysis of how secondary victims of murder—in this context, the parents or close family members of a primary murder victim—are represented in Swedish crime news discourse. The study is based on a discourse analysis of media coverage of secondary victims, and statements made by them, in relation to four highly publicized murder cases during the last two decades. The analysis shows that portrayals of secondary victimization reinforce the conflictual character of victim–offender relationships in the news, but also limit the conditions for talking about the significance of social support, mediation and reconciliation for crime victims. News representations of crime victims become less clearly marked by the characteristics of the ‘ideal’ victim as secondary victims, and persons who are explicitly critical toward the legal system, claim victimhood. Furthermore, the identity of the crime victims’ movement as a collective becomes destabilized when the category of the victim is widened to include individuals whose interests are framed as subjective, rather than related to the needs of other crime victims or the general public. In sum, increased media focus on secondary victims may thus undermine the legitimacy of victim claims in public discourse.     

Dating hot spot to fraud hot spot: Targeting the social characteristics of romance fraud victims in England and Wales

Research Summary

We found that romance fraud was rising year-on-year across every region in England and Wales, increasing 55% during the 3 years between October 2018 and October 2021. Fifty percent of all the romance fraud victims in the period resided in 17% of the places where romance fraud had occurred. A total of 439 locations (outward postcode areas) were identified as the “power few” in the first year of the data set. Of these 439 locations, 162 of them recurred in both of the following years, becoming chronic “hot spot” locations containing more than one in six of all reported romance fraud victims. The demography of victims in repeat locations differed considerably, but hot spots were more frequently predominantly populated by less affluent populations.

Policy Implications

We conclude that the current national one-size-fits-all fraud prevention approach may not be the most efficient or effective way to reach those victims who most require crime prevention advice. The National Fraud Intelligence Bureau, based in the City of London Police, could adopt a tailored approach to providing preventative information to local police forces based on the year-to-year patterns in crime and the associated intelligence provided by sociodemographic data sources such as Acorn.     

对我国被害人国家补偿制度的研究

在我国,虽然现实中已经有了对犯罪被害人给予国家补偿的个别做法,但被害人补偿并未制度化和法律化。建立被害人国家补偿制度符合被害人权利保护的发展趋势,对推进我国的人权保障和司法制度产生重要影响。特别是在"构建社会主义和谐社会"的今天,对被害人的补偿,无疑对被害人的正常生活、对社会秩序的稳定、防止被害人因为被害而走上犯罪道路均有重要意义。     

论青少年网络被害

青少年网络犯罪已引起社会的重视,成为人们关注的焦点,但青少年在网络犯罪中的被害更应是人们关注的焦点中的焦点。由于青少年生理上心理上的特殊成长期,在网络犯罪中属于易被害群体,针对其被害现状、原因及特征,应积极建立青少年网络被害预防系统,它包括社会预防、群体被害预防和个体被害预防。     

浅论刑事被害人的权利保障

刑事被害人没有上诉权、最后陈述权,刑事被害人委托诉讼代理人的权利没有得到充分保障;被害人诉讼代理人的阅卷权和对强制措施的异议权存在不完善之处。我们应通过修改法律,保障刑事被害人及其诉讼代理人的上述权利。在刑事诉讼过程中,应避免造成新的侵害,对程序被害人的重大损失应给予赔偿。在刑事附带民事诉讼过程中,应允许被害人提出精神损害赔偿,并保障被害人得到充足的赔偿;在被害人无法从犯罪人处得到充分赔偿时,则应通过国家补偿制度防止被害人及其亲属因为犯罪行为而陷入生活的困顿。     

刑事被害人救助地方立法之比较——兼论刑事被害人国家救助制度的建立

为了解决因犯罪行为给刑事被害人造成的特殊困难,我国一些地方开展了刑事被害人救助工作,并且取得了较好的社会效果。2009年3月,中央八部委出台规定,要求各地根据自身情况制定被害人救助的具体实施办法,开展具体救助工作。无锡节、宁夏回族自治区和包头市人大常委会都制定了相应地方条例,通过对它们的比较分析,发现存在以下局限:与其他救助衔接方式不明,救助条件过于严苛,权利主体混乱,权利告知义务缺失和标准不确定。针对这些局限提出对建立刑事被害人国家救助制度的建议:明确与其他救助结合方式,协调相互关系;关注犯罪危害结果,给予有需要的被害人切实帮助;确定救助性质,弄清权利主体;规定告知义务,方便权利主体行使权利;与审查机关所在地经济发展水平相适应,保证救助标准的确定性。