Assessing Impact Direction in 3‐point Bending of Human Femora: Incomplete Butterfly Fractures and Fracture Surfaces,,

Current literature associates bending failure with butterfly fracture, in which fracture initiates transversely at the tensile surface of a bent bone and branches as it propagates toward the impact surface. The orientation of the resulting wedge fragment is often considered diagnostic of impact direction. However, experimental studies indicate bending does not always produce complete butterfly fractures or produces wedge fragments variably in tension or compression, precluding their use in interpreting directionality. This study reports results of experimental 3‐point bending tests on thirteen unembalmed human femora. Complete fracture patterns varied following bending failure, but incomplete fractures and fracture surface characteristics were observed in all impacted specimens. A flat, billowy fracture surface was observed in tension, while jagged, angular peaks were observed in compression. Impact direction was accurately reconstructed using incomplete tension wedge butterfly fractures and tension and compression fracture surface criteria in all thirteen specimens.     

The Role of Interface on the Impact Characteristics and Cranial Fracture Patterns Using the Immature Porcine Head Model

The role of impact interface characteristics on the biomechanics and patterns of cranial fracture has not been investigated in detail, and especially for the pediatric head. In this study, infant porcine skulls aged 2–19 days were dropped with an energy to cause fracturing onto four surfaces varying in stiffness from a rigid plate to one covered with plush carpeting. Results showed that heads dropped onto the rigid surface produced more extensive cranial fracturing than onto carpeted surfaces. Contact forces generated at fracture initiation and the overall maximum contact forces were generally lower for the rigid than carpeted impacts. While the degree of cranial fracturing from impacts onto the heavy carpeted surface was comparable to that of lower‐energy rigid surface impacts, there were fewer diastatic fractures. This suggests that characteristics of the cranial fracture patterns may be used to differentiate energy level from impact interface in pediatric forensic cases.     

胸腰椎压缩性骨折压缩程度评估方法比较

目的探讨胸腰椎压缩性骨折压缩程度不同评估方法间的差异。方法 1.选取211例胸腰椎压缩性骨折X线片资料,用4种方法以压缩椎体前缘高度分别与其后缘、上一椎体前缘、下一椎体前缘、上下椎体前缘高度均值比较,评估相应压缩程度并比较各方法间的差异。2.选取其中146例,测量压缩椎体相邻上方三个正常椎体高度,比较中位椎体前缘高度分别与其后缘、上一椎体前缘、下一椎体前缘、上下椎体前缘高度均值的差异。结果 1.压缩椎体前缘分别与后缘、上一椎体前缘、上下椎体前缘高度均值评估的压缩程度,两两组间P0.05;但压缩椎体前缘与后缘、下一椎体前缘评估组间P0.05。2.正常中位椎体前缘与后缘、上一椎体前缘、下一椎体前缘高度组间均P0.05,而与上下椎体前缘高度均值组间P0.05,且一致性较好。结论本文不同方法对胸腰椎骨折压缩程度评估存在差异,压缩椎体前缘与上下椎体前缘高度均值比较评估其压缩程度更准确。     

烧骨的研究现状与展望

本文根据国内外相关文献,对烧骨的宏观、微观形态学特点,烧骨形态特征与各影响因素之间的关系,热致骨折与损伤骨折、条件性骨折的鉴别等方面进行了综述,并对现有研究的局限之处进行了分析,提出改进方向。     

正清风痛宁关节内注射治疗强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变30例

目的:观察髋关节注射正清风痛宁注射液对强直性脊柱炎髋关节病变的疗效.方法:将2005年3月至2008年3月中国人民解放军广州军区广州总医院中医科门诊和病房治疗的强直性脊柱炎并伴有髋关节病变患者随机分成观察组(30例)和对照组(25例),观察组采用常规药物治疗,并采用正清风痛宁注射液髋关节注射,对照组采用常规药物治疗,比较治疗前和治疗后1个月的目测类比评分(visual analog scale, VAS)、Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index,BASFI)、Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index, BASDAI)、血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP).结果:两组患者治疗后VAS、BASFI、BASDAI、ESR和CRP均比治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),而且观察组VAS和BASFI的改善情况显著优于常规药物对照组(P<0.05).结论:常规药物治疗基础上联合应用正清风痛宁注射液治疗AS髋关节病变在改善患者局部疼痛和功能方面明显优于单纯常规药物治疗.     

Multi-Rater Agreement Using the Adapted Fracture Healing Scale (AFHS) for the Assessment of Tubular Bones on Conventional Radiographs: Preliminary Study*

Better understanding of the timing of fracture healing may help in cases of interpersonal violence but also of personal identification. The intra- and inter-rater agreement for the adapted fracture healing scale (AFHS) assessing the post-traumatic time interval on radiographs were tested. This is a preliminary study, providing essential information on method reliability for upcoming studies using the AFHS. Five raters (two radiologists, a forensic pathologist, an orthopedist, and an anthropologist) were presented with a test in three parts consisting of 85 radiographs (from 30 adults) of fractures of tubular bones in different stages of healing purposefully selected from more than 1500 radiographs. The raters were firstly asked to assess 15 features describing fracture healing as present, absent, or not assessable. Thereafter, the raters were asked to choose from the AFHS a single-stage best representing the observed healing pattern. The intra- and inter-rater agreement were assessed using single-rating, absolute agreement, two-way mixed-effects intra-class correlation (ICC) coefficients. The intra-rater ICC of radiologist 1 ranged from 0.80 to 0.94. The radiologists’ inter-rater ICC ranged from 0.68 to 0.74, while it ranged from −0.01 to 0.90 for the other raters. The good to excellent ICC among the radiologists and forensic anthropologist provides good foundation for the use of the AFHS in forensic cases of trauma dating. The poor to good results for the other physicians indicate that using the AFHS requires training in skeletal anatomy and radiology.     

经伤椎置单向椎弓根螺钉结合十七味大活血胶囊治疗无神经损伤胸腰椎压缩性骨折疗效观察

目的 观察伤椎置入单向椎弓根螺钉结合十七味大活血胶囊口服在无神经损伤胸腰椎压缩性骨折治疗中的效果。方法 将67例无神经损伤胸腰椎骨折患者,根据患者最终选取的治疗方案分为对照组（n=45）和观察组（n=22）。对照组给予跨伤椎固定的基础上再经伤椎置入单向椎弓根螺钉固定,观察组在对照组的基础上使用自制十七味大活血胶囊口服。分别观察两组治疗前、治疗后1周、治疗后3个月椎前缘高度、椎中缘高度和后凸角度,视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分,日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分。结果 与治疗前比较,两组治疗后1周、3个月椎前缘高度、椎中缘高度均明显增加（P＜0.05）,后凸角度均明显减小（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后3个月椎前缘、椎中缘高度均明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）。与治疗前比较,两组治疗后VAS评分在治疗后1周、3个月均明显减少（P＜0.05）,JOA评分均明显增加（P＜0.05）。观察组治疗后VAS评分在治疗后1周、3个月均显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,JOA评分明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 经伤椎置入单向椎弓根螺钉结合十七味大活血胶囊口服更利于伤椎前中柱交界处的复位,临床疗效更好。     

补肾填精法对兔骨折后不同时相骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

目的 观察补肾填精中药对兔骨折后不同时点骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)分化为成骨细胞的影响。方法 将20只白兔随机分成4组,即正常对照组、骨折模型组、中药治疗组、西药治疗组。分离培养骨折端BMSCs,取P3代BMSCs并向成骨细胞诱导分化,分别采用碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase, ALP）试剂盒、骨钙素（osteocalcin, OCN）试剂盒检测ALP活性、OCN水平。结果 随着用药时间的延长,各骨折组ALP活性和OCN水平均逐渐增强。在骨折后第14、21天,中药治疗组ALP活性、OCN水平均高于其他3组。结论 补肾填精法可促进兔骨折后不同时点BMSCs向成骨细胞分化。     

新鲜鼻骨骨折CT诊断指标探讨

法医鉴定工作中,需要明确判断鼻骨骨折为新鲜形成,方可作为人体损伤鉴定的依据.通过案例追踪复查与已知陈旧鼻骨骨折对照及临床表现等方法,依据骨折断端锐利、骨折部位粘膜肿胀、软组织内有小片状低密度影等CT影像表现,结合伤后鼻面部肿胀、鼻出血、鼻腔通气不畅等临床表现作为新鲜鼻骨骨折的影像诊断指标.工作中,须重视鼻骨骨折新旧伤的...     

Photographic comparison of surface topography as a viable solution when physical match is challenging

Physical matching methods are a family of well‐known methods that are utilized in order to determine whether two pieces of a tearable/breakable material used to be one object. When performing physical match of polymers, it is sometimes difficult to reach an unambiguous conclusion. This is due to various reasons. One is when the tear/fracture resides in an inaccessible or hidden‐from‐view region of the piece. Another is when the shape of the tear/fracture at the object's tear/fracture line is insufficient for deducing a complete match. Third is deficiency of material along this line. These are examples of processes where the line is affected so drastically, so that a match renders impossible. Specifically, when addressing elastic materials, the tear/fracture line may even be squashed. This may also be a reason for difficulty in performing a physical match. In this paper, a method is proposed where a match is alternatively achieved by means of photographic comparison of marks on the surface topography of the pieces‐in‐question. Comparisons of pairs of torn pieces of silicon rubber were made. The procedure involved photography of the surface topography the pieces. Then, the photographs were horizontally mirror‐flipped. Lastly, a comparison was made between two photographs: a photograph of one piece and a mirror‐flipped photograph of the opposite piece. The results show that after comparing the pieces to one another, only one unique pair turned out to be positively matched. Using the proposed method, not only the comparison is done by a more informative method (comparing to physical match), it is also more convenient, faster, less expensive, and technically simpler.