The "Essential Domino" of Military Operations: American Public Opinion and the Use of Force

It is a commonly held belief that the foreign policy issue to which the American public is most sensitive is the use of military force. Because American public opinion regarding the use of force is highly palpable, salient, and organized, and because decisions regarding the use of force are some of the most important decisions the nation ever has to consider, the analysis of public opinion regarding military involvement is academically significant and policy relevant. The indication from policymakers is that American military operations require public support. As a result, scholars and analysts have come to realize that public opinion is the "essential domino" of military operations. The relationship between mass American public opinion and the use of military force has become, therefore, the focus of numerous studies and surveys. There are currently several competing explanations—schools of thought—in the literature on why the mass public supports the use of force. This article is an attempt to identify the most prominent schools of thought on public opinion and the use of force, and the central factors associated with each school. Such a review is important to generating policy–relevant guidance pertaining to public opinion and the use of force—an objective made more pressing by the current war against terrorism.     

Explaining Explanations: How Legislators Explain their Policy Positions and How Citizens React

Legislators claim that how they explain their votes matters as much as or more than the roll calls themselves. However, few studies have systematically examined legislators’ explanations and citizen attitudes in response to these explanations. We theorize that legislators strategically tailor explanations to constituents in order to compensate for policy choices that are incongruent with constituent preferences, and to reinforce policy choices that are congruent. We conduct a within‐subjects field experiment using U.S. senators as subjects to test this hypothesis. We then conduct a between‐subjects survey experiment of ordinary people to see how they react to the explanatory strategies used by senators in the field experiment. We find that most senators tailor their explanations to their audiences, and that these tailored explanations are effective at currying support—especially among people who disagree with the legislators’ roll‐call positions.     

萨维尼对19世纪英美法学的影响

萨维尼作为19世纪德国最伟大的法学家,他的学说理论通过其著作在英美的翻译和传播,不仅在大陆法系国家,而且对英美法系国家也产生了很大的影响。特别是在19世纪英国历史法学派的产生,美国南北战争后关于法典编纂的讨论,19世纪英国和美国大学法律教育的改革,以及美国司法实践等方面,萨维尼所产生的影响都为其他大陆法系国家的法学家所不及。个中原因是多方面的,既有萨维尼个人声望的原因,法律历史观在19世纪的兴起,但更重要的还是两大法系之间逐渐产生的互相交流的趋势。考察萨维尼对当时英美法学的影响,就是对两大法系之间长期存在的学术交流的一个有力例证。     

地区构成的世界——卡赞斯坦的地区主义理论

从地区视角来建立国际体系理论是国际政治理论一个新的发展方向。卡赞斯坦创造性地以地区为单位建立了地区世界的理论。其基本观点是,以多孔化地区为基本单位的美国帝权体系已基本成形,该体系处于地区化、国际化和全球化的进程之中,体系与单位在三种进程中、在帝权-核心国家-地区的纵向联系中相互塑造和重塑,其中包含了重要的社会性关系。“地区构成的世界”进一步丰富和发展了单位层面的建构主义理论,但是在基本假定、分析框架和逻辑结构中都存在明显的缺陷。     

论卡特政府时期美国全球战略发生历史性转变的内在根源(Ⅱ)

吉米·卡特是美国历史上少有的在执政期间真正有意致力于推动世界和平的总统之一。他为抑制美苏军备竞赛,裁减军备与缓和当时的国际紧张局势做出了不懈的努力。他的这些努力使他后来荣膺诺贝尔和平奖。然而,由于卡特的这种外交方针触犯了当时美国国内某些极端保守势力的利益,在国际上又遭到苏联霸权主义的扩张带来的冲击,使他在执政期间屡屡遭受外交政策上的挫折。分析美国外交政策史上这一特定时期的种种内在和外在的因果联系,对于我们今天更深入地了解美国外交政策的内在动因具有极为重要的参照意义。     

中美警务比较对我国公安改革的启示

我们通过对中美警察的警察机构、警察快速反应机制、社区警务、技术装备等方面的比较后得出:中国应该从美国的警务发展中汲取有益经验,夯实群众基础工作,建设立体治安防控体系,提高公安科技水平,建立具有中国特色的高效警务机制,做好社会稳定工作。     

东亚多边安全合作机制建设与美国因素

东亚可以说是世界上安全困境最严重的地区.为解决这些困境,东亚各国通过摸索,建立起一种多边安全合作机制.然而,该机制从建立之际,就受到美国因素的强烈影响,其未来也必然与美国因素息息相关.     

中国大学生的美国观与日本观比较

中国大学生既有反美情绪也有反日情绪,但是二者的内容、程度、性质及指向的主体有很大不同。另一方面,大多数大学生认为,美国和日本也有许多值得肯定和学习借鉴的地方,如美国国内的社会环境、价值观念等。此外,中国大学生的美国观与日本观都存在三个问题:态度上的情绪化、认识上的片面性和思维方式上的单向性。     

一群自我放逐的另类与逃亡者——田纳西·威廉斯戏剧中的男性群像

田纳西·威廉斯戏剧中塑造了一群自我放逐的男性群像.他们或是生活的失败者,或是感情畸零的同性恋者,或是被生活主潮冲刷到边缘的另类,或是沉迷于幻想中的行吟诗人.这些男性人物在与女性人物的对峙中,在责任与荣誉面前,往往选择了逃亡.剧作家通过对这些男性人物悲剧命运的描写,表达了对社会现实的批判和对美国现代文明弊病的厌弃.     

婚外性关系的法律规制

本文从比较法的角度,简要介绍了各国对婚外性关系的法律规制。其中重点分析了伊斯兰法律同美国法律在调整婚外性关系方面的差异及其成因,得出了婚外性关系的法律规制必将随着社会的发展进一步弱化的结论。