2008年以来“一国两制”前沿热点问题研究述评

＂一国两制＂一直是学术界研究的热点。2008年以来,学者们围绕＂一国两制＂的内涵、特点、实施、影响、意义及实践经验等进行了深入探讨,并达成诸多共识。但对＂一国两制＂的理论渊源、＂一国两制＂下的国家结构形式和＂台湾模式＂等问题存在争论和分歧。回顾和梳理近年来＂一国两制＂研究的前沿热点问题及其中观点,旨在对今后＂一国两制＂研究及其实施问题能有所裨益。     

香港地区民事司法改革及其启示

香港地区为适应社会经济发展的需要，借鉴各国改革经验，立足本地具体情况，于2009年4月2日起施行新民事司法制度。这项改革涉及广泛，影响巨大，被称为该地区民事司法制度发展的里程碑。研究香港民事司法改革的思路和做法，可以从中学习其成功的经验，获得有益的启示。     

论我国区际法律冲突中的公共秩序保留制度

关于区际冲突法上的公共秩序保留问题,理论上存在着三种截然不同的观点,同时,各复合法域国家在这方面的实践也不尽一致.在我国,目前存在四个不同的法域,在解决其间法律冲突的时候,是否适用"公共秩序保留"制度,以及如何维护本法域的公共秩序,便成了一个亟待解决的问题.在各法域类推适用国际私法规则以及各法域分别制定区际冲突法这两种解决区际法律冲突的途径中,应该采取"有限适用说".     

Westminster constitutions in the South Pacific: A “policy transfer” approach

Constitutional crises in Fiji and Solomon Islands and donor concerns about “good governance” raise older questions about the appropriateness of introduced constitutions to local conditions. This article analyses the process of transfer of “Westminster” constitutions in island states of the Pacific. It considers the factors that facilitated or constrained transfer into and within the region. It also considers cases where alternatives to Westminster were considered but rejected by the local leaders. The article concludes that Westminster has been spread by replication, almost irrespective of underlying social and political conditions.     

香港社会中民粹主义的影响、成因及消解

香港社会中的民粹主义给香港政治社会发展带来很多消极影响,增加了特别行政区政府依法施政的难度,妨碍香港政治发展的进程,并引起香港一些居民与中央政府的对抗.香港社会中的民粹主义由民生等经济问题而引发,并因选举政治而加剧.消解民粹主义,需要香港社会权力体系和财产体系的分配应照顾各阶层的利益,必须保障草根阶层的基本权利；政府必须兼顾社会精英和普罗大众的利益,对两者的矛盾应加以调和,促成两者的妥协.     

浅谈我国典当立法存在的问题及其完善

中国典当业自新世纪以来的实践中,在法规上面临着许多问题,集中体现在法律、法规之间的冲突,法律、法规的规定与现实操作之间的冲突等方面。自2005年商务部颁布了新的典当管理办法后,部门立法的局限性更加突出。因此,催生一部具有更高效力的典当法显得十分必要和迫切。文章分析了典当业在立法上存在的问题,并提出了完善典当法制的相关原则。     

Post-release controls for sex offenders in the U.S. and UK

In recent years, both the United States and United Kingdom have developed numerous innovations in legal efforts to protect society from sex offenders. Each country has adopted special provisions for sex offenders. In particular, governments have focused on forms of social control after release from incarceration and probation. These policy innovations for this category of offenders have been more far reaching than those for any other offender population. The two jurisdictions have adopted policies with similar goals, but the selected strategies have important differences. Generally speaking, the U.S. has favored an ever-expanding set of policies that place sex offenders into broad categories, with few opportunities that distinguish the appropriate responses for individual offenders. The UK government observed the proliferation of Megan's Laws¹ in the U.S., and deliberately chose to establish carefully controlled releases of information, primarily relying on governmental agencies to work in multi-disciplinary groups and make case-specific decisions about individual offenders. Although the UK policy leaders expressed significant concern that the public's response to knowing about identified sex offenders living in the community would result in vigilantism, to date the results have not borne out this fear. Both governments have turned to other crime control measures such as polygraphy testing, electronic monitoring, and civil protection orders as a means to prevent further sexual violence.     

香港与内地警察执法规范化建设之比较与思考

以公安机关执法规范化建设为视角,选取香港警队的执法主体、执法监督和执法保障制度与内地进行比较对照。由于体制不同以及自然条件、经济条件、历史渊源的差异,我们不可能全盘移植这些制度,但其先进的制度设计理念、立法思想却值得内地借鉴。相比香港,虽然内地构建和谐警民关系的目标与香港警察的执法理念异曲同工,并且公安信息化建设与香港警察对电子科技的运用也没有实质差距,但执法环境和执法保障问题对规范执法的制约却使内地的执法规范化建设任重而道远。     

论警察休息权的法律保障

某些公安机关创造或借鉴的"5+2"、"白+黑"工作模式,侵害了警察的休息权,违反了宪法和法律,违反了科学发展观,不利于警察的"可持续发展"。实证研究表明:民警加班加点,工作时间的不确定性已经常规化。兼顾社会效益,考察外国警察法立法,探索合理的工作模式,需要从法律制度层面寻求警察公权与私权的平衡以保障民警休息权。故建议现有的《人民警察法》删除第19条或者在《人民警察法》警务保障中增加"因为紧急情况而增加人民警察工作时间的,应予以补休和补助"的规定。     

Treatment as punishment: Forensic psychiatry in The Netherlands (1870–2005)

This article provides an overview of the development of forensic psychiatry in the Netherlands from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. The first part addresses the ways forensic psychiatry established itself in the period 1870–1925 and focuses on its interrelatedness with forensic practice, psychiatry's professionalization, the role of the government, the influence of the so-called New Direction in legal thinking and (Italian and French) anthropology of crime, and the debates among physicians as well as between psychiatrists and legal experts on the proper approach of mentally disturbed offenders. From the mid-1920s on the so-called ‘psychopaths laws’ anchored forensic psychiatry in the Dutch legal system. The second part zooms in on the enactment of these laws, which formalized special measures for mentally disturbed delinquents. These implied a combination of sentencing and forced admission to and treatment in a mental institution or some other form of psychiatric surveillance. The article deals with the meaning, reach and consequences of this legislation, its debate by psychiatrists and legal experts, the number of delinquents affected, the offenses for which they were sentenced and the (therapeutic) regime in forensic institutions. The goal of the Dutch legislation on psychopaths was ambiguous: if it was designed to protect society against assumed dangerous criminals, at the same time they were supposed to receive psychiatric treatment to enable their return to regular social life again. These legal and medical objectives were at odds with each other and as a result discussions about collective versus individual interests as well as about the usefulness and the effects of this legislation kept flaring up. To this day the history of this legislation is characterized by the intrinsic tension between punishment and security on the one hand and treatment and re-socialization on the other. Whether at some point one or the other prevailed was largely tied to the social climate with respect to law, order and authority.