海南自由贸易港临时仲裁制度的建设研究

海南自贸港的仲裁机制应置于国际竞争中去考量。在海南自贸港中构建临时仲裁制度符合市场经济发展的规律和该制度自身发展的规律。尽管目前临时仲裁制度已在自贸区内有限开放,但临时仲裁制度在海南自贸港落地的障碍主要来自于我国仲裁机构的定位不合理,“三特定”的界限模糊,临时仲裁裁决的执行和认可缺乏规制,现有临时仲裁规则普适性的缺失。我国香港地区的临时仲裁的发展数据表明,成熟和强大的法律体系、临时仲裁的高度保密性、仲裁机构的有限介入和当事人的意思自治是该项制度迅速发展的重要原因,值得参考。海南自贸港在立法路径上可根据《立法法》对《仲裁法》第16条和第18条作出变通处理或者根据《立法法》对临时仲裁制度作出系统性的规定,并报全国人大常委会批准,应重新认识仲裁机构的促进性和服务性并高度尊重当事人的意思自治,还原临时仲裁的本质属性。     

“双轨制”与海事人际法律冲突

中国海事法律“双轨制”,与差异性的身份立法密切相关,并衍生出海事人际法律冲突.从人际冲突法（人际私法）的理论视角研究“双规制”现象后认为：基于形势发展,可淡化主体身份要素差异的,以统一实体法消除海事人际法律冲突,是为“并轨”;源于政策需要,维持身份立法差异与“分轨”现状的,应完善人际私法原则、制度与规范,以解决由此产生的人际法律冲突.中资外轮沿海捎带进出口重箱,由于捎带服务提供者的法律身份不同,也存在法律适用的“分轨制”问题,应设置人际冲突规范加以应对.     

Treatment as punishment: Forensic psychiatry in The Netherlands (1870–2005)

This article provides an overview of the development of forensic psychiatry in the Netherlands from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. The first part addresses the ways forensic psychiatry established itself in the period 1870–1925 and focuses on its interrelatedness with forensic practice, psychiatry's professionalization, the role of the government, the influence of the so-called New Direction in legal thinking and (Italian and French) anthropology of crime, and the debates among physicians as well as between psychiatrists and legal experts on the proper approach of mentally disturbed offenders. From the mid-1920s on the so-called ‘psychopaths laws’ anchored forensic psychiatry in the Dutch legal system. The second part zooms in on the enactment of these laws, which formalized special measures for mentally disturbed delinquents. These implied a combination of sentencing and forced admission to and treatment in a mental institution or some other form of psychiatric surveillance. The article deals with the meaning, reach and consequences of this legislation, its debate by psychiatrists and legal experts, the number of delinquents affected, the offenses for which they were sentenced and the (therapeutic) regime in forensic institutions. The goal of the Dutch legislation on psychopaths was ambiguous: if it was designed to protect society against assumed dangerous criminals, at the same time they were supposed to receive psychiatric treatment to enable their return to regular social life again. These legal and medical objectives were at odds with each other and as a result discussions about collective versus individual interests as well as about the usefulness and the effects of this legislation kept flaring up. To this day the history of this legislation is characterized by the intrinsic tension between punishment and security on the one hand and treatment and re-socialization on the other. Whether at some point one or the other prevailed was largely tied to the social climate with respect to law, order and authority.     

Online penny auctions and the protection of the consumer under EU law

This paper examines online penny auctions, which currently attract consumer traffic but pose consumer risks also. It discusses pressing questions such as whether they are scams, entertainment shopping or gambling. It shows that though they cannot readily be considered as scams, they are suspiciously risky for consumers. Moreover, contrary to what penny auctioneers suggest, they do not allow for consumer shopping. They also share several characteristics with gambling and therefore, the possibility of legally classifying them as such is worth exploring. If they are not gambling, consumer protection legislation is fully applicable to them and can satisfactorily protect penny consumers. If penny auctions are legally classified as gambling however, protection will greatly be enhanced; they will (additionally) be subjected to strict and detailed gambling laws at least in the UK, where a mature gambling regulatory regime exists. Certain disadvantages of labeling penny auctions as gambling can relatively easily be remedied through suitably adjusting gambling laws. The paper concludes by suggesting possible approaches of legal regulation of this new online phenomenon.     

香港与内地警察执法规范化建设之比较与思考

以公安机关执法规范化建设为视角,选取香港警队的执法主体、执法监督和执法保障制度与内地进行比较对照。由于体制不同以及自然条件、经济条件、历史渊源的差异,我们不可能全盘移植这些制度,但其先进的制度设计理念、立法思想却值得内地借鉴。相比香港,虽然内地构建和谐警民关系的目标与香港警察的执法理念异曲同工,并且公安信息化建设与香港警察对电子科技的运用也没有实质差距,但执法环境和执法保障问题对规范执法的制约却使内地的执法规范化建设任重而道远。     

论警察休息权的法律保障

某些公安机关创造或借鉴的"5+2"、"白+黑"工作模式,侵害了警察的休息权,违反了宪法和法律,违反了科学发展观,不利于警察的"可持续发展"。实证研究表明:民警加班加点,工作时间的不确定性已经常规化。兼顾社会效益,考察外国警察法立法,探索合理的工作模式,需要从法律制度层面寻求警察公权与私权的平衡以保障民警休息权。故建议现有的《人民警察法》删除第19条或者在《人民警察法》警务保障中增加"因为紧急情况而增加人民警察工作时间的,应予以补休和补助"的规定。     

Post-release controls for sex offenders in the U.S. and UK

In recent years, both the United States and United Kingdom have developed numerous innovations in legal efforts to protect society from sex offenders. Each country has adopted special provisions for sex offenders. In particular, governments have focused on forms of social control after release from incarceration and probation. These policy innovations for this category of offenders have been more far reaching than those for any other offender population. The two jurisdictions have adopted policies with similar goals, but the selected strategies have important differences. Generally speaking, the U.S. has favored an ever-expanding set of policies that place sex offenders into broad categories, with few opportunities that distinguish the appropriate responses for individual offenders. The UK government observed the proliferation of Megan's Laws¹ in the U.S., and deliberately chose to establish carefully controlled releases of information, primarily relying on governmental agencies to work in multi-disciplinary groups and make case-specific decisions about individual offenders. Although the UK policy leaders expressed significant concern that the public's response to knowing about identified sex offenders living in the community would result in vigilantism, to date the results have not borne out this fear. Both governments have turned to other crime control measures such as polygraphy testing, electronic monitoring, and civil protection orders as a means to prevent further sexual violence.     

浅谈我国典当立法存在的问题及其完善

中国典当业自新世纪以来的实践中,在法规上面临着许多问题,集中体现在法律、法规之间的冲突,法律、法规的规定与现实操作之间的冲突等方面。自2005年商务部颁布了新的典当管理办法后,部门立法的局限性更加突出。因此,催生一部具有更高效力的典当法显得十分必要和迫切。文章分析了典当业在立法上存在的问题,并提出了完善典当法制的相关原则。