马克思主义理论创新的光辉典范

江泽民同志在庆祝中国共产党成立80周年大会上的讲话是马克思主义的纲领性文献。“七 一”讲话不仅充满着辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本观点,而且在继承马克思主义、毛泽东思 想、邓小平理论的基础上,丰富和发展了马克思主义理论,在许多重大问题上创造性地提出了新思 想、新观点、新论断,为我们树立了马克思主义理论创新的光辉典范。     

Asked and Answered: Knowledge Levels When We Will Not Take “Don't Know” for an Answer

A pivotal claim in research on citizen competence is that the typical citizen knows very little about politics. Public opinion surveys provide a considerable body of evidence in support of this position. However, survey protocols with respect to factual questions about politics violate established norms in psychometric research on educational testing in that don't know answers are encouraged rather than discouraged. Because encouraging don't know responses potentially confounds efforts to identify substantive understanding, this practice may lead to the systematic understatement of political knowledge. We explore this possibility with data drawn from three split-ballot tests: one conducted as part of a survey in the Tallahassee, Florida, metropolitan area, one conducted as part of the 1998 NES Pilot, and one conducted as part of the 2000 NES. Results reveal that the mean level of political knowledge increases by approximately 15% when knowledge questions are asked in accordance with accepted practices in educational testing.     

产毒素多杀巴氏杆菌在猪萎缩性鼻炎病因中的作用研究——给用醋酸处理或不处理的猪接种产毒素多杀巴氏杆菌引起的鼻腔病变比较

用产毒素多杀巴氏杆菌单独接种到未作任何处理的仔猪鼻腔,细菌被迅速清除,鼻甲骨不发生明显萎缩。对仔猪鼻腔用1％醋酸预先处理2天后,再接种产毒素多杀巴氏杆菌,该菌则可在鼻腔长期定居,引起严重的鼻甲骨萎缩;如再混合感染支气管败血波氏杆菌时,猪萎缩性鼻炎的病理变化和临床指征明显加重。试验结果表明,与支气管败血波氏杆菌一样,某些非传染因素也可促进产毒素多杀巴氏杆菌在猪鼻腔定居,从而导致持续性萎缩性鼻炎的发生。     

学习"七一"讲话把握执政党建设规律

江泽民"七一"讲话,对中国共产党处于和平与发展的时代背景下和社会主义初级阶段的历史方位给予了科学的界定.提出了解决提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险的能力这两大历史性课题.勾勒了新的伟大工程的系统蓝图--坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论在全党的指导地位,并在实践中不断丰富和发展,始终以"三个代表"来要求党;从新的实际出发,以改革精神研究和解决党的建设面临的重大理论和现实问题.     

A Procedure for Calculating the Vertical Space Height of the Sacrum When Determining Skeletal Height for Use in the Anatomical Method of Adult Stature Estimation

Estimating stature from skeletonized remains is one of the essential parameters in the development of a biological profile. A new procedure for determining skeletal height (SKH) incorporating the vertical space height (VSH) from the anterior margin of the sacral promontory to the superior margins of the acetabulae for use in the anatomical method of stature estimation is introduced. Regression equations for stature estimation were generated from measurements of 38 American males of European ancestry from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The modification to the procedure results in a SKH that is highly correlated with stature (r = 0.925–0.948). Stature estimates have low standard errors of the estimate ranging from 21.79 to 25.95 mm, biases from to 0.50 to 0.94 mm, and accuracy rates from 17.71 mm to 19.45 mm. The procedure for determining the VSH, which replaces “S1 height” in traditional anatomical method models, is a key improvement to the method.     

鞘胺醇1-磷酸2/3受体对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的观察鞘胺醇1-磷酸2/3受体(S1PR2/3)在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注的在体实验中对心脏的影响。方法健康SD雄性大鼠,随机分为7组:正常对照组、假手术组、IR组、IR+DMSO组、IR+Cym5541(S1P3受体激动剂)组、IR+Cay10444(S1P3受体阻断剂)组、IR+Cay10444/Jte-013(S1P2/3受体阻断剂)组。制作大鼠缺血再灌注模型,并记录心功能、心肌梗死面积、死亡率。结果给予S1PR3抑制剂组和S1PR2/3抑制剂组与IR组相比在心肌缺血再灌过程中,心率下降(P0.05),左室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)上升(P0.05),心肌梗死面积增大(55.7%:28.8%,51.6%:28.8%),给予S1PR3激动剂组心肌梗死面积显著减小(18.6%:28.8%)。给予S1P2/3抑制剂组死亡率明显高于IR组(53%:22%,P0.05)。结论 S1P2和S1P3受体对缺血再灌注心肌起保护作用,抑制S1P2/3受体参与了IR后心源性猝死(SCD)。     

When Is Science Used in Science Policy? Examining the Importance of Scientific and Technical Information in National Research Council Reports

A frequent lament among researchers is that public policy makers should pay more attention to scientific and technical information (STI). If there is any single area where one might expect STI to be used in public policy making and agenda setting it is in science and technology policy. Many of the policy makers in science and technology policy are themselves scientists or researchers and presumably would prove especially receptive to STI. However, STI is only one of many types of information used in policy making and policy actors often differ in the extent to which they view STI as credible, particularly compared to other types of potentially policy‐relevant information. Research on credibility (the believability of information, information types, and media) has shown variance and policy makers’ “credibility maps.” Thus, some policy makers have preference for formal information generally and STI specifically, but others privilege raw data, personal experience, authority, history and anecdote, analogical reasoning, or conformance to ideology, to name just a few of the information choices. Here, we build on the current researchers’ previous bibliometrics‐based work and use data from 41 semi‐structured elite interviews with National Research Council (NRC) executives and staff and NRC committee members concerning the use of STI in reports issued by the NRC. Findings show that the use of STI in NRC reports varies according to the nature of the inquiry and the sponsor. Information used in the reports is based on not only the assessed credibility of information but also its perceived direct relevance and the availability of STI as compared to other types of information. In general, the amount of STI in the NRC reports tends to have modest effects on the likelihood that reports will be used in policy making or by the mass media. More important factors include the timing of the report with respect to political agendas, the party requesting the report, and the enacted roles of NRC staff members and committee chairs.     

Politics,Science, and Termination: A Case Study of Water Fluoridation Policy in Calgary in 2011

Policy termination is identified as a rare occurrence and thus difficult to study. However, one policy area, community water fluoridation, has seen an apparent increase in termination in recent years. We examine the specific case of termination in Calgary, Alberta in 2011 with a specific goal to apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach to the policy termination framework. Our findings suggest that of key importance for the termination of water fluoridation was the impending need for an upgrade to the fluoridation infrastructure, the effectiveness of the local anti‐fluoridation activists, the speed of decision making, and a prominent framing of the issue in ethical terms. The opening of a policy window made possible by the 2010 Calgary municipal election, one that introduced a number of new members to council, as well as the presence of a policy entrepreneur who took advantage of the window's opening, were of specific importance to the success of policy termination.