Institutional Collective Action on Drugs: Functional and Vertical Dilemmas of Unused Pharmaceuticals

The authors use the Institutional Collective Action Framework to analyze the barriers, opposition, and opportunities for residential pharmaceutical disposal programs in the United States via a case study on a series of take‐back programs pioneered in the state of Washington by local and state governments, as well as the corresponding backlash from federal agencies. While successful in some ways, these innovative solutions directly challenged the competing federal policy regimes controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and, to a lesser extent, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Findings from case studies suggest that functional dilemmas created by existing institutions with entrenched regulatory regimes are a key challenge to finding efficient solutions to vertical ICA dilemmas. Conclusions, then, connect to the broader ICA research agenda, and implications for multi‐level governance issues.     

Analyzing Territorial and Sectorial Dimensions of Public–Private Partnerships in Science,Technology, and Innovation policies

The performance of innovation systems depends, to a great extent, on the degree of public–private collaboration they involve. Thus, innovation policies often aim to enhance this collaboration through public–private partnerships. These partnerships are a multidimensional phenomenon whose success depends on factors related to each of their dimensions. This paper proposes the use of an analytical model that reflects the multidimensional nature of public–private partnerships and analyses to what extent they are applied in a specific innovation system in order to identify the territorial and sectorial factors that act as barriers or drivers to use them. This model aims to help policy makers design appropriate public–private partnerships in each context. The case under review is the Spanish innovation system, given that this system has been suffering from a structural lack of collaboration for several decades, despite the implementation of policies aimed to foster this. Thus, if the model works, it should be able to identify key factors that influence greater or more restricted use of the different PPP formulas.     

Hybrid law and human rights – banning and behaviour orders in the appeal courts

The desire of the New Labour Government to be seen as responsive to popular concerns and moral panics over hooliganism and anti-social behaviour is resulting in the increased use of legislative responses that bridge criminal and civil law. Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and Football Banning Orders are two key examples of this ‘Hybrid Law’, imposed as a response to criminal conduct, supported by criminal law sanctions, but operating under a civil law procedure providing fewer protections for defendants. These hybrid orders have the power to severely restrict the freedom of individuals who have not been found guilty of any criminal offence, and have been challenged in two important cases under Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The decisions of the Appeal Courts that the purpose of the orders is merely preventative rather than punitive, and can therefore be justifiably imposed under a civil law procedure, is controversial and indicates an unwillingness to use the powers of the Human Rights Act to challenge such legislation and protect the fundamental human rights of defendants.Dr Geoff Pearson is Lecturer in Law, Management School, University of Liverpool     

血斑酸性磷酸酶、腺苷激酶、腺苷脱氨酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶同时电泳分型

本文作者介绍了利用薄层淀粉凝胶电泳对血斑酸性磷酸酶(EAP)、腺苷激酶(AK)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6-PGD)同时电泳分型的方法,同时报道了这四种酶在北京地区汉族人中的表型分布和基因频率.     

中国第二代互联网--CERNET2

10年前,中国教育和科研计算机网(CERNET)建成了我国第一个全国主干网,拉开了中国互联网发展的序幕.10年后,CERNET2试验网作为我国第一个下一代互联网主干网,2004年3月19日在北京正式开通并提供服务,再次吹响了中国下一代互联网建设的号角.本文从CERNET2的概念、特点、发展计划、应用领域等方面全方位进行了阐述.     

Gerichtlicher Freispruch wegen Finanzvergehens stets nur Unzuständigkeitsurteil

Jeder von einem Strafgericht gef?llte Freispruch vom Vorwurf eines Finanzvergehens ist als Freispruch wegen Unzust?ndigkeit nach § 214 FinStrG aufzufassen. Die § 259 StPO erg?nzende Sonderbestimmung des § 214 FinStrG hat den Zweck, einen – sonst unzul?ssigen – Subsumtionsfreispruch in Betreff einer m?glicherweise echt idealkonkurrierenden, jedoch in die Zust?ndigkeit der Finanzbeh?rde fallenden strafbaren Handlung und damit eine Fortsetzung des Finanzstrafverfahrens durch diese zu erm?glichen, indem klargestellt wird, dass der Angeklagte wegen dieses Aspekts ein- und derselben Tat iSd Art 4 des 7. ZPMRK weder verurteilt noch freigesprochen wurde.     

抗兔出血症病毒单克隆抗体的制备

用1∶10稀释的兔出血症病毒(RHDV)加等量佐剂乳化后接种BALB/C小鼠3次,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合。通过用间接ELISA试验筛选、克隆出分泌抗RHDV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞林E_3E_6。     

牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型二重LUX荧光PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

采用LUX新型荧光PCR技术原理,建立了快速检测牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(BHV-1)以及鉴别野毒感染和基因缺失疫苗免疫动物的二重实时荧光PCR方法。结果显示,该方法对多株BHV-1病毒均呈典型gE、gC双基因阳性反应,对其他常见动物疱疹病毒以及健康牛基因组DNA等均呈阴性反应;对细胞增殖病毒液的gE、gC双基因鉴别的检测敏感性可达0.4~0.04 TCID50,比常规PCR方法高100倍以上;对带毒牛血清、抗凝全血、牛新鲜精液和冷冻精液基因鉴别的检测敏感性分别达0.04 TCID50、0.4 TCID500、.4 TCID50和4 TCID50。采用该方法从临床牛血样、鼻拭子样品中检出IBRV阳性样品,检测全程仅需约2 h。对单基因克隆质粒的检测进一步证实该方法能特异地鉴定gE、gC基因,检测灵敏度分别达90、30拷贝。结果表明,该方法可应用于临床快速诊断BHV-1病毒感染,鉴别BHV-1病毒感染与对应的基因缺失疫苗免疫动物。