How to control interception-does the UK strike the right balance?

This Article critically analyses the regime for intercepting the content of communications under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 in the light of the recent ruling by the European Court of Human Rights in Kennedy v the UK. It looks at the safeguards for privacy protection provided such as the requirement for a warrant and the roles of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal and the Interception of Communications Commissioner and whether these safeguards are compliant with Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights.     

论权衡方法在行政法适用中的展开

行政法裁判过程具有鲜明的利益权衡本质。在个案中如何作正当、有效的权衡,需要发展出一套适用于行政法裁判过程的方法,其具有自洽的命题体系与理论基础。以行政审判中对"滥用职权"的权衡与判断为例,可以深入认识和了解行政法权衡方法具体运用的步骤、顺序与思考的要素,从而有效地实现行政法审判结论的精准与妥当。同时要通过理论思考反思权衡方法本身的局限与问题。     

“The big sleep: Elucidating the sequence of events in the first hours of death to determine the postmortem interval”

Recent developments on postmortem interval estimation (PMI) take an advantage of the autolysis process, pointing out to the analysis of the expression of apoptosis and autophagy genes towards this purpose. Oxidative stress plays a role in this signaling as a regulatory mechanism and/or as a consequence of cell death. Additionally, melatonin has been implicated on apoptosis and autophagy signaling, making melatonin a suitable target for PMI determination. The aim of this study was to investigate the early PMI through the analysis of the expression of autophagy genes as well as oxidative stress and melatonin receptor. Our results demonstrated a rapidly increased on the expression of autophagy genes according to the expected sequence of events, then a marked decrease in this expression, matched with the switch to the apoptosis signaling. These results revealed potential candidates to analyze the PMI in the first hours of death, helping to estimate the time-since-death.     

Creating markets in no-trust environments: The law and economics of smart contracts

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements based on blockchain technology, have the capacity to create trust in what we term no-trust contracting environments. We argue that using them in such environments is the path to unleash the full potential of smart contracts. Compared to the contract enforcement mechanisms characterized by traditional contract law or relational contracts, smart contracts can offer a superior solution for facilitating trade.Several lawyers and economists have debated whether smart contracts might offer the prospect of cheaper, faster and better transactions. As we discuss below, contract law scholars caution that they neither replicate the relational context essential for the day-to-day practice of contracting nor offer a superior solution to problems addressed by traditional contract law, such as contract validity and legality. We clarify and systematize the current thinking on the legal nature and reliability of smart contracts, and address the concerns of contract law scholars. While doing that, we suggest a step forward in characterizing contracting environments, contract enforcement mechanisms and the trust relationship underlying contracts.     

Organizing a Proficiency Testing Program on Stamp Impressions Examination in Accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 Requirements

Stamps and stamp impressions examinations are based on matching defects and design details on the questioned and control samples. These examinations are routinely carried out by document examiners around the world. International proficiency tests for questioned documents examination have been available for decades while similar programs specifically focusing on stamp impressions examination are rare. This study reported a recent proficiency testing program on stamp impressions examination organized by an accredited provider in accordance with ISO/IEC 17043 requirements. Twenty‐four forensic laboratories registered for the program. Apart from giving details on the design and operation of the program, this study also aimed to provide the limitations and difficulties encountered in sample preparations, homogeneity, and stability tests of the testing materials. Various comments and feedbacks received from the participants, particularly in respect of examination approaches, challenges faced by the participants in forming conclusions and their suggestions for further improvement would be evaluated.     

基于数据仓库的决策支持系统

数据仓库技术是在充分地开发信息资源的迫切要求下产生并迅速发展起来的一个国际前沿研究新领域。本文分析了传统决策支持系统开发中存在的问题,介绍了数据仓库、数据挖掘、联机分析处理技术。以及它们在决策支持系统中的应用,同时给出了基于数据仓库技术的决策支持系统的基本框架。     

Restrictions on cryptography in India – A case studyof encryption and privacy

The developments of technology in communications industry have radically altered the ways in which we communicate and exchange information. Along with the speed, efficiency, and cost-saving benefits of the digital revolution come new challenges to the security and privacy of communications and information traversing the global communications infrastructure. As is with any technology the misuse of technology is noticed similarly the encryption technology. Encryption and other advanced technologies may be used, with direct impact on law enforcement and therefore some restrictions are necessary in the interests of national security. The problem, however, is ensuring that the restriction is legitimate and solely for in the interests of national security, the state not being allowed to interfere and keep a track on individuals' activities and private lives without sufficient cause. The individual needs encryption to protect their personal privacy and confidential data such as medical information, personal financial data, and electronic mail. In a networked environment, such information is increasingly at risk of being stolen or misused. Therefore, encryption is critical to building a secure and trusted global information infrastructure. Digital computers have changed the landscape considerably and the entire issue, at its simplest level, boils down to a form of balancing of interests. The specific legal and rights-related problems arising from the issue of cryptography and privacy in the Indian context are examined in this paper.     

论有中国特色社会主义文化的现阶段特征

现阶段的有中国特色社会主义文化有四个基本特征现阶段特色文化的社会主义性质以及文化建设思想的日益成熟,使其具有高度的自觉性;随着市场经济体制的逐步确立,中国社会进入转型期,现阶段特色文化由此具有明显的过渡性;社会主义初级阶段的不平衡性决定了特色文化具有很强的不平衡性;文化的继承性发展规律以及我国深厚的文化传统使现阶段特色文化表现出复杂的传统性.     

家庭暴力犯罪的成因及防范对策

家庭和睦是社会稳定的基础。家庭暴力犯罪是新形势下一种新的犯罪形态,是影响社会治安 的一大因素。当前家庭暴力犯罪已呈现出新的特点。本文系统论述了新时期家庭暴力犯罪的 主要特征和诱发原因,并提出了遏制这类犯罪活动的对策。     

将ISO10002《质量管理顾客满意组织处理投诉指南》引入我国警务投诉机制的思考

国际标准化组织于2004年发布的ISO10002《质量管理顾客满意组织处理投诉指南》为组织内处理与产品(包括服务)有关的投诉程序提供了指南,内容包括程序的编排、设计、运作、维护和改进。文中从理论和实践的角度,探讨将ISO10002引入公安机关构建警务投诉机制的可能性与可行性,旨在为我国公安机关的制度建设提供决策和技术支持。