案例二则

通过对现场血迹分布情况的分析,成功破获了一起聋哑人故意杀人案;掌握“十字形”开锁器的原理,熟悉利用“十字形”开锁器作案的现场规律,注重现场勘验,便于判定作案手段,对案件定性和开展侦查具有重要意义。     

Microfinance and Poverty in Bolivia

Both in its institutional range and in its penetration of financial markets, the microfinance sector in Bolivia rivals any in the world, and has played a major part in extracting the macro-economy from meltdown since the mid-1980s. We seek specifically to assess its impact on poverty, and do this through small-sample surveys on four microfinance institutions, two urban and two rural, using a range of poverty concepts: income (generated both through the borrower's enterprise and through the labour market), asset holdings and diversity, and various measures of vulnerability. All the institutions studied had, on balance, positive impacts on income and asset levels, with income impacts correlating negatively with income on account of poor households choosing to invest in low-risk, low-return assets. Microfinance may, however, augment vulnerability: average debt-service ratios of microfinance clients are disturbingly high, and if the coping mechanisms used by borrowers fail, borrowers may be forced out of the microfinance system, possibly resulting in decapitalisation and impoverishment. Poorer households are more restricted in their choice of coping strategy, and many as a consequence 'choose' coping strategies more likely to jeopardise their long-term income prospects, in particular asset sales and cuts in children's schooling. The more successful low-income borrowers are those who have voluntary savings deposits and do not rush into fixed capital purchases too early: collapse back into poverty is associated with multiple crises and the failure of one or more 'safety nets', in particular of one or more 'safety nets', in particular support from a member's solidarity group. The following actions appear to be promising for the further reduction of poverty in Bolivia: stronger efforts to mobilise rural savings, removal of lower limits on loan size, and the introduction of appropriate insurance mechanisms. In comparison with other anti-poverty measures, microfinance appears to be successful and relative cheap at reducing the poverty of those close to the poverty line, but ineffective, by comparison with labour-market and infrastructural measures, in reducing extreme poverty.     

The Determinants of Gender Differences in Income in Trinidad and Tobago

The present study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the causes of gender income differentials. The findings suggest that such differentials are not well explained by differences in levels of human capital and other measured factors valued by the labour market. This result is robust to the disaggregation of the data into African, Indian and Other ethnic groups thereby raising the possibility of gender discrimination. African and Indian women's incomes would increase by over 20 per cent with the returns to the measured factors of their male, ethnic counterparts. Women would benefit from having men's industry distribution of jobs, but not men's occupational distribution. African women appear to be significantly more disadvantaged relative to their male counterparts than are Indian or Other women.     

刑罚权运作的秩序——刑事法制中的“中央与地方”问题研究

刑事法制中的中央与地方问题,表现为与惩治犯罪相关的中央权力与地方权力的分配及其相互关系中出现的紊乱状态。一些地方司法机关根据本地区实际制定施行准司法解释、推出刑事司法制度创新等做法,在一定程度上构成了对统一刑事法制的离心力。合理分配刑事法制中的中央权力与地方权力,理顺二者关系并使之形成良性的运作机制,一方面要完善刑事立法权的行使并通过强化司法权的方式来强化中央权力,另一方面要将脱序的地方公权力行为重新纳入到统一法制中,并主要通过强化司法权的行使实现对地方权力的制约。     

税收协定的国内适用——基于《企业所得税法》第58条的考察

《企业所得税法》第58条试图全面解决税收协定在国内适用的三个问题,即条约的国内法效力、适用方式和法律位阶。对于如何理解第58条中的"不同规定"与"办理",存在"绝对主权说"和"国际条约说"之争。虽然两种学说的理论依据和具体主张有所不同,但它们均以维护法律体系的纯粹性为最高目标。这两种学说并不符合中国的混合一元条约适用体制。当前,中国应采取更具实质主义导向的方法适用税收协定。     

The middle class in the Czech reforms: the interplay between policies and social stratification

Following the assumption that the middle class is important in the transition from communism to a democratic market society as its leading actor and guarantor of social integration, this paper presents evidence of the benefits it has gained from economic and social reforms. As these have turned out to be rather modest, it is likely that the middle class will be more reserved in its political support for a rigorous transformation. Special attention is given to the distribution and redistribution of income in which the middle seems to have been neglected, in comparison to the lowest and upper strata which have become better off. Evidence based on official statistics is complemented by a survey of attitudes which document both the still strong endorsement of the middle class with regard to the implemented changes and a certain split between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ component of this important social category.     

法学资源的分配与流动——以十年来会议主题与课题项目为样本的考察

通过对十年来法理学会议主题与课题项目的统计与分析,考察我国法学资源配置的特点,由此探讨我国法学资源流动的趋势和存在的问题,从而透显出我国十年来法学研究的成就与不足,并从学术整体规划、学术团队培育和基本理论建设等方面对未来法学资源的合理配置提出有针对性的建议和意见。     

论个人收入差距与政府协调对策

我国经济转型期出现的个人收入差距扩大的现象日益引人关注,成为社会主义市场经济深入发展的热点问题。“十一五”规划把缩小收入差距放在经济社会发展更加突出的位置。缩小个人收入差距,是构建社会主义和谐社会和全面建设小康社会的艰巨任务,也是政府协调社会经济利益关系面临的新课题。本文在对个人收入差距现状分析的基础上,提出政府实施协调职能的对策。     

昆明市遏制毒品集散和中转存在的问题及对策

昆明市遏制毒品集散和中转存在的问题主要为:1.昆明市特殊的地理位置,决定了禁毒任务异常繁重.2.办理毒品案件与戒毒过程中仍存在诸多缺位现象.3.外来人员贩毒问题日益突出.4.昆明的治安状况和警力、装备、经费投入同禁毒工作的开展需要还有差距.其对策建议:一是坚持严打方针,坚持"堵源为上";二是坚持重点推进,加强信息化应用;三是坚持以人为本,加强禁吸戒毒和无毒社区巩固;四是坚持预防为主,在加强毒品预防教育上狠下工夫,努力减少新增吸毒人员;五是坚持从严治警,加强基础设施和禁毒装备建设.     

相互制约:联盟管理的核心机制

内容提要:本文主要探讨联盟管理过程中盟友之间互动的动态机制。通过归纳和推理,笔者发现,联盟维持和管理的机制是相互制约,两个变量——盟友之间的权力对比和意图匹配程度——通过相互制约的核心机制影响联盟的命运。按权力对比,联盟可以区分为对称性联盟和非对称性联盟;按联盟内部的国家意图,联盟可以区分为防御性联盟和进攻性联盟。这样,将至少有四个"理想型"联盟,每一个"理想型"联盟都存在自身特有的互动动态。总的来说,在对称性联盟中,若盟友意图一致,则彼此相互制约易于成功,联盟容易管理;反之,则不易管理。在非对称性联盟中,只有当强国为防御性现实主义国家而弱国为进攻性现实主义国家时,相互制约才相对困难,联盟才较难管理。文章以第一次世界大战前的法俄联盟、20世纪中叶的中苏联盟以及20世纪50年代之后的美日联盟作为案例,对本文提出的联盟管理理论进行验证。