不同时程吗啡依赖大鼠依赖相关脑区光镜和电镜观察

目的探讨吗啡依赖中枢神经系统毒理病理不同时程的变化。方法背部皮下递增注射吗啡建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,光镜和透射电镜下观察不同时程大鼠吗啡依赖相关脑区,即蓝斑核、中脑导水管周围灰质、黑质、豆状核、杏仁核、海马的病理组织学变化,并对突触进行计数,比较与空白对照组的差异。结果吗啡依赖大鼠6个依赖相关脑区均出现神经细胞固缩或肿胀,神经纤维肿胀,线粒体肿胀、畸形,内质网扩张,多聚核糖体解聚,突触数量增多;胶质细胞、脑膜下淋巴细胞增多,随依赖时间的延长而更加显著,并可见胶质结节形成。吗啡依赖8周组、4周组, 大鼠突触数量较空白对照组增多,其差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0．01);吗啡依赖8周组大鼠突触数量的增多,与吗啡依赖1周组、2周组大鼠比较,其差异具有非常显著性意义(P<0．01)。结论吗啡依赖大鼠依赖相关脑区神经细胞呈缺血缺氧性及退行性改变,突触数量增多,并随吗啡依赖时限的延长而明显。     

Dual Arrest and Other Unintended Consequences of Mandatory Arrest in New York City: A Brief Report

In jurisdictions across the United States, the mandated arrest of individuals perpetrating domestic violence crimes termed “mandatory arrest” or “pro-arrest” policies has become a key policy solution to the issue of domestic violence. The purposes of the policies are to standardize the police response to, and increase the number of, arrests stemming from domestic violence incidents by removing or reducing police discretion to arrest. In 1994, the New York state legislature passed the Family Protection and Domestic Violence Intervention Act, which contained provisions enacting a mandatory arrest statute. Using information from 183 callers to a telephone helpline for victims of domestic violence, we describe four unintended consequences of the policy: “unwanted,” “dual,” “retaliatory,” and “no” arrest. Bi- and multivariate analyses are used to identify victim and perpetrator sociodemographic, situational, and legal factors associated with each arrest type. Results are discussed in the context of the effects of mandatory arrest policies and minimizing problems associated with it in the future.

The Quest for a United Nations Specialised Agency for the Environment

Abstract

Recent years have seen intense intergovernmental deliberations on issues concerning governance in the field of environment. Their aim has been to address the role of the institutions that provide platforms for international environmental cooperation. There are two main lines of enquiry: the role of regime-specific institutions that cater to sectoral regulatory frameworks (popularly known as multilateral environmental agreements, or MEAs); and the role of institutions that are established to follow up on global environmental conferences or a specific environmental task. Most of these institutions reflect intergovernmental consensual process. However, there are concerns about their proliferation and there is a growing cacophony of calls to ‘bring coherence to the fragmented landscape of MEAs, intergovernmental bodies, UN system entities and other international organizations’ (Sha Zukang (2011) ‘Legal and policy dimensions of sustainable development: expected contribution of Rio + 20’, Environmental Policy and Law, 41(6), pp. 244–246, at p. 245). In fact the need to bring order to environmental governance has assumed great importance and urgency if environmental cooperation is to be achieved. This paper explores, in particular, the role of the United Nations Environment Programme and its potential for conversion to a specialised agency of the UN.     

The Media’s Coverage of Domestic Terrorism

Scholarly interest in terrorism has grown dramatically since September 11. One important line of inquiry within this body of research has been the media’s coverage of terrorism. Although there have been several important studies published on this topic, there has been little research examining media coverage of domestic terrorism. This study fills this gap by examining the media’s coverage of terrorism in the United States from 1980 until September 10, 2001. The analysis is based on a list of terrorist‐related incidents and New York Times articles pertaining to each incident. This study documents the amount and type of coverage received by domestic terrorism incidents, and identifies the variables influencing whether an incident is covered and how much space it receives. The results indicate that most terrorism incidents receive little or no coverage in the news, but a few cases are sensationalized in the press. There are several characteristics that consistently explain which incidents are covered and receive substantial news space. Incidents with casualties, linked to domestic terrorist groups, targeting airlines, or when hijacking is used as a tactic are significantly more likely to be covered and have more articles and words written about them. This study concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings for the understanding of terrorism as a social problem.     

Responding to the Harassment and Abuse of Older People in the Private Rented Sector: Legal and Social Perspectives

Independent living, and hence active ageing, is seen by some governments as being supported through enabling and encouraging older people to live in mainstream housing. However, this emphasis upon ‘staying put’ and ‘ageing in place’ needs to recognise the major housing difficulties that are faced by some older people.

This paper presents findings from an exploratory study, funded by Help the Aged, of the harassment and abuse of older people within the private rented sector. Examples of the wide range of arguments, disputes and conflicts with landlords and other residents will be provided. The second half of the paper considers the legal remedies that might be available for tackling some of these problems and the present obstacles to their use. Finally, legal remedies will be compared with more social policy based approaches which draw upon the framework relating to the protection of vulnerable adults.     

Catching Them Before Too Much Damage is Done: Early Intervention with Resistance‐Refusal Dynamics

Children often need help before their parents are ready to stop fighting. Children at the center of high‐conflict disputes, particularly those who resist contact with a parent, face extraordinary risks of maladjustment. Years of investigation and litigation may precede any meaningful attempt at intervention, based on the questionable belief that all elements of causality (or blame) must be established before any effective treatment can occur. Children's functioning may continue to deteriorate during this time, undermining their future adjustment and reducing the chance of successful intervention later. We illustrate the application of the coping‐focused, multisystemic Child Centered Conjoint Therapy model to assisting these families. Methods to assist children without compromising external investigations are discussed.     

High‐Conflict Divorce: A form of Child Neglect

In high‐conflict divorce cases, the emotional toll on the family unit is unquestionably destructive. While the physical and mental health of the children should be the primary focus, the emotional turmoil of a high‐conflict divorce often moves the focus away from the children as parents struggle emotionally and financially. Although the best interests of the children are always in the judicial purview, the repeated, lengthy, and hostile litigation process often associated with high‐conflict dissolution has lasting effects on the physical and mental health of children, similar to those associated with physical abuse and neglect. Child Protective Services (CPS) must step in and protect the emotional well‐being of children during high‐conflict divorce cases.     

服务型政府与行政管理体制改革

服务型政府必须建立在科学合理的行政管理体制的基础上。为此,必须对我国现行行政管理体制进行全方位的改革。改革既涉及政府内部关系的调整与变革,也涉及政府与外部关系的调整与变革。其调整、变革的范围包括以下六个关系:政府与被管理者行政相对人的关系;政府与社会的关系;政府与权力机关、司法机关乃至执政党的关系;中央政府与地方政府的关系;政府部门相互之间的关系;政府部门内部的关系。     

Transcending Culture and Structure:Theoretical Paradigms of Cultural Sociology and Its Integration

Sociological theory which is dominated by structuralism paradigm faced with a series of crisis and predicament, and has given rise to a turn of cultural. It reviews and reflects critically the concept, development context and theoretical paradigms change of cultural sociology about domestic and foreign helps to gain insight into concerns and explanatory power of cultural sociology responding China’s current social issues. This article summarizes theoretical context of cultural sociology and its three leading research paradigms (culture-structuralism paradigm, stratification-class perspective, and strong-weak cultural program), and find that although the three paradigms have their own critically advantages, but faced with the common problem that is hard to jump out of the duality between culture and structure. Besides, this article tries to put forward an integrated research paradigm of cultural sociology, and in order to respond to the China’s indigenization of sociology and current social real issues.     

Globalization and regulatory change: The interplay of laws and technologies in E-commerce in Southeast Asia

Electronic commerce has brought about business and technological changes globally, and these global changes have given rise to major legal reforms across nations. In the fast-changing global digital economy, states need strategies to maintain competitiveness of their markets while simultaneously ensuring the secure and effective use of technologies involved in conducting electronic transactions. This paper examines how the use and recognition of electronic signatures are regulated in Southeast Asia – the region that has shown the most significant growth in global e-commerce in past few years. Based on a comparative analysis of the laws of four representative ASEAN member states – namely Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam, this paper argues that there is a regional trend towards adopting more liberal and technology-neutral standards for electronic signatures. Electronic signature regulation in Southeast Asia is now built upon limited technological neutrality (or the so-called “two-tiered” approach) as a shared regulatory understanding, but this approach is operationalized differently in each state due to distinctive national contexts. Within the common legal framework, each state has developed its own system of control and management with respect to higher-level signatures (using advanced technologies). The principle of technological neutrality, a concept originally developed for the regulation of technologies in response to the liberalization of telecommunications market, has been the central theme of discussions on the e-transactions policy-making scene. As the author shows, in the process through which states localize the global standards of technological neutrality, ASEAN as a vehicle of regulatory change has played an essential role in translating this principle to the national context.